硅铝配施对川西蒙山茶叶品质的影响

土壤中的铝元素对茶树的生长发育具有特殊的生物学效应,而硅则是许多植物生长发育的有益元素.采用二次饱和D-最优试验设计研究硅铝配施对茶叶品质的影响,结果表明,当铝肥施用浓度为1.34 g·kg-1和硅肥施用浓度为0.10 g·kg-1时,茶叶中茶多酚和咖啡碱含量交互效应最高,平均含量分别为25.50%和3.18%;当铝肥施用浓度为1.34 g·kg-1和硅肥施用浓度为0.40 g·kg-1时,茶叶中氨基酸和可溶性糖含量交互效应最高,达到理论最高值,平均含量分别为2.46%和2.79%.     

木材泡沫铝层叠结构材在瞬态加载时的动力学特性

以木材、泡沫铝板为材料,经层叠制作2种型号(T5T10T5和T10T15T10)木材泡沫铝层叠结构靶板;利用一级轻气炮发射卵形头和平头杆弹对靶板进行瞬态加载试验;利用高速摄像机获取杆弹初始速度和侵彻图像,得到2种杆弹初始速度-剩余速度关系曲线及弹道极限速度,分析靶板抗侵彻性能和失效模式。结果表明:随着杆弹初始速度的逐渐增高,靶板对2种杆弹的抗侵彻性不同;卵形头杆弹的极限速度均高于平头杆弹,说明靶板对卵形头杆弹的抗侵彻性强于平头杆弹;随着初始速度增大,相同初始速度时卵形头杆弹的剩余速度大于平头杆弹,此时靶板对平头杆弹的抗侵彻性强于卵形头杆弹。2种杆弹贯穿靶板后,靶板变形和损伤模式相似,均为正面穿孔、背面脱落、孔口直径与杆弹直径接近;靶板背面中心处形成一定挠度,孔口边缘处挠度最大;当杆弹初始速度超过弹道极限速度,初始速度越大,整体变形越小,靶板越接近局部破坏。同时,两者存在区别,卵形头杆弹贯穿靶板,是因为瞬态加载使靶板失效变形;而平头杆弹贯穿靶板,是由于剪切使靶板损伤变形。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定土壤铝的条件优化

酸性土壤中的活性A1是影响作物生长发育的主要因子之一,土壤Al的测定一直是人们关注的问题.石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测土壤Al所需的样品量少、灵敏度高、离子干扰小,目前在国内外应用较为广泛.由于其测试条件多是应用单因素轮换法来确定,存在实验量大且未考虑交互作用的影响等缺点.采用双因素重复实验及正交实验可显著降低确定最佳测试条件的工作量,且实验条件代表性强,对于准确快捷测定土壤Al具有重要意义.通过双因素(波长和灯电流)重复试验对石墨炉原子吸收光谱仪测定土壤Al的波长和灯电流进行了优化选择,确定最佳波长为309.3 nm,最佳灯电流为14 mA;应用L<,25>(5<'6>)正交试验法对控温程序及基体改进剂、基体酸度条件进行了优化,得出最佳的灰化温度为1 400℃、灰化时间为10 s,原子化温度为2 300℃、原子化时间为5 s,最佳基体改进剂为0.1%NH4H2PO4、最佳基体酸度为0.2%硝酸.优化后的方法检出限为1.14μg·L-1,加标回收率达到93.6%～104.1%,相对偏差均小于8%.     

地上部生长性状指标在小麦耐铝性筛选中的应用

在大容积溶液培养和小盆钵土培试验中采用地上部生长性状和根系生长性状指标对小麦基因型进行了耐铝性筛选.结果表明,供试的24个基因型的耐铝性存在极显著的差异.无论是相同或不同的筛选方法,地上部耐性指数如相对株高和相对地上部干重与根系耐性指数如相对根长和相对根系干重均呈极显著的正相关.根系耐性指数的SD、CV及分布范围较大,区分不同基因型耐铝性差异的灵敏度较高.地上部耐性指数的SD、CV及分布范围较小,反映基因型间耐铝性差异的灵敏度相对较低,但地上部也可作为可靠的耐铝性筛选指标.地上部生长性状指标尤其是株高不仅测定快速、容易,而且可以无损伤地测定而不影响后续研究的进行,可用于大规模的种质筛选或育种项目中.所采用的2种筛选方法能克服传统筛选方法如小体积溶液培养、土培和田间试验的繁琐、费时和筛选效率低的缺点,具有快速简便,一次可筛选较多样本,且条件易于控制等优点,因而大大地提高了筛选的可靠性和筛选效率.     

Molecular Characterization of Atlas 66-Derived Wheat Near-lsogenic Lines Contrasting in Aluminum （Al） Tolerance

Aluminum （Al） toxicity is the major limiting factor for wheat growth in acidic soils. Genetic improvement of Al tolerance is one of the most cost-effective solutions to improve wheat productivity. The objective of this study was to characterize near isogenic lines （NILs） contrasting in Al tolerance derived from Atlas 66 in the backgrounds of Al-sensitive cultivars Chisholm and Century using amplified fragment length polymorphism （AFLP） and simple sequence repeat （SSR）. A total of 200 AFLP and 88 SSR primer pairs were screened and 12 markers （11 AFLPs and one SSR） were associated with Al-tolerance in NILs of at least one recurrent parental background. Among them, nine were linked to A1 tolerance in the Chisholm-derived NILs, seven were associated with Al-tolerance in the Century-derived NILs, and three AFLPs derived from the primer combinations of pAG/mGCAG, pCAG/mAGC and pGTG/mGCG, and one SSR, Xwmc331 on chromosome 4D, associated with A1 tolerance in NILs of both recurrent parental backgrounds. Those common markers across two backgrounds may be the major marker loci associated with Al-tolerance in Atlas 66 and could be useful for marker-assisted breeding to improve Al tolerance in wheat. In addition, evaluation of Al tolerance among different genotypes using hematoxylin stain and relative root growth revealed that Atlas 66 was more tolerant to Al stress than the NILs, therefore suggested that the Al-tolerant NILs might not carry all Al-tolerance loci from Arias 66 and inheritance of Al tolerance in Arias 66 is more likely multigenic.     

腐植酸共聚物对赤红壤中活性铝的影响

研究了以合成腐植酸、丙烯酰胺、丙烯酸共聚物作为土壤结构改良剂改良赤红壤后，其土壤中活性铝的形态及含量变化．结果表明，该共聚物可抑制土壤中铝的活性，改良后的土壤活性铝的存在形态有所改变，活性铝的含量减少，土壤的pH提高．     

酸沉降对地表生态系统的影响I.土壤中铝的活化与迁移

土壤中Al的活化与迁移是酸沉降对地表生态系统最突出的影响之一,也是土壤缓冲酸沉降的重要过程。因此土壤中Al的活化迁移过程成为研究和预测地表酸化及其生态效应的关键环节。然而由于土壤系统和Al形态的复杂性,目前的模式并不能充分与实验室和野外的数据相吻合。本文从Al的形态、释放机制和在土壤剖面中迁移过程等方面对近年来的研究工作进行综述和评价,并在此基础之上对今后的研究工作提出展望。     

Aluminum inhibits apoplastic flow of high–molecular weight solutes in root apices of Zea mays L.

Using an aluminum (Al)‐sensitive maize cultivar, we investigated the influence of Al on the apoplastic solute bypass flow and its relationship with Al‐induced (1 h, 50 μM) callose formation and root growth. We selected the fluorescent probes 8‐hydroxypyrene‐1,3,6‐trisulfonic acid, trisodium salt (MW 524) (HPTS) and dextran‐Texas Red (TR) conjugates (MW 3,000, 10,000, and 40,000) to monitor their apoplastic transport. Confocal laser–scanning microscopy (CLSM) analysis and spectrofluorometric quantification showed Al‐induced callose formation in peripheral root cells within 1 h. Pretreatment of plants with the callose synthesis inhibitor 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose (DDG) reduced the callose formation by half. Uptake experiments with both HPTS and dextrans showed uniform dye distribution in control root apices. After Al treatment for 1 or 2 h, which inhibited root growth by 32% or 50%, respectively, the dyes accumulated in the epidermal and outer cortical cell layers, especially in the 1–2 mm apical root zone. Al treatment reduced the export of the dyes out of the apical 1 cm treatment zone. This was due to strong sorption of HPTS but not of dextrans by Al‐loaded cell walls. Aluminum treatment reduced loading into the xylem sap particularly of higher–molecular weight dextrans. Pretreatment of roots with DDG and presence of 50 mM mannitol during the Al treatment partially forestalled the inhibitory effect of Al on the dye transport, but only slightly reduced the Al‐induced growth inhibition. Exudation experiments revealed that xylem water flow remained unaffected by the Al treatment of the root tips. The results with dextran suggest that Al binding in cell walls of the root apex inhibits apoplastic bypass flow of higher–molecular weight solutes, which might contribute to Al‐induced inhibition of root growth.     

Al and Fe in PM 2.5 and PM 10 Suspended Particles in South-Central Florida: The Impact of the Long Range Transport of African Mineral Dust

Aluminum and iron were measured in daily samples collected at urban and rural sites near Ft. Myers, Florida, in 1995–1996 using a dichotomous sampler. Al and Fe concentrations were low during most of the year but they increased dramatically duringsummer when African dust was advected into Florida. The ratioof fine (less than 2.5 m diameter) to coarse (2.5–10 m) Al and Fe is relatively constant in African dust events with the fine accounting for a third to a half of the total. Also the mass ratio of Al-to-Fe is relatively constant at 1.8, a value similar to average crustal material. In contrast, in non-African dust the fine-to-coarse and Al-to-Fe ratios are extremely variable and generally much lower than those duringAfrican events when dust concentrations ranged up to 86 g m^-3. The timing and magnitude of the Ft. Myers dust peaks closely matched those measured concurrently in Miami, 200 km to the southeast. Large areas of the eastern United States are frequently impacted by African dust every summer. Although dustconcentrations can reach very high values it seems unlikely that African dust events alone will cause a violation of the Environmental Protection Agency's standards for PM 2.5 or PM 10. However, African dust in conjunction with emissions from local and regional sources could conceivably present a problemwith compliance. The probability of such an occurrence is heightened by the fact that dust concentrations are highest in the summer when pollution levels are often at a maximum in theeastern states.     

土地利用方式与坡位土壤活性铝形态特征分析

以红壤坡地为材料,研究了地带性恢复林地、农作区、人工林地茶园和桔园等4种土地利用方式下土壤pH、有机质和铝形态的分异特征。结果表明,土壤pH、有机质和3种活性铝形态含量差异显著。和恢复区相比,农作区由于大量秸秆和根茬还土,土壤交换性铝的含量显著降低,而土壤吸附态羟基铝和有机络合态铝的含量则不同程度地提高;人工林地茶园和桔园则呈现出土壤交换性铝提高的特征,吸附态羟基铝和有机络合态铝含量下降。下坡位土壤表现为堆积,土壤pH值和有机质含量增加,土壤交换性铝含量比上坡位减少,吸附态羟基铝和有机络合态铝含量增加,降低了铝的毒性。相关分析表明,土壤pH值与土壤交换性铝呈显著负相关,y=-97.6x＋6009.2（R^2=0.7315）,与土壤吸附态羟基铝呈显著正相关,y=2810.8x-9293（R^2=0.9003）;而土壤有机质含量与土壤交换性铝呈显著负相关,y=-2963x＋17616（R^2=0.8977）,与土壤有机络合态铝呈显著正相关,y=553.4x-4779.1（R^2=0.4364）。说明土壤铝形态在坡面上的分异特征是坡面利用类型与地形部位共同作用的结果。