雪峰山不同海拔梯度土壤养分和微生物空间分布研究

为了揭示土壤微生物与养分及二者与土壤含水量、地温之间的内在联系,通过对雪峰山8个不同海拔梯度（700、960、1150、1320、1450、1610、1750、1920 m）的野外土壤实测和室内土壤样品的测定,分析雪峰山8个不同海拔梯度的土壤养分和土壤微生物空间分布特征。结果表明：不同海拔梯度土壤养分含量差异显著,其中有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷的最高含量均分布在1610 m高海拔处,而土壤全钾、速效钾最高含量分布在低海拔处;不同海拔梯度土壤微生物特性差异性显著,微生物3大类群中细菌占绝对优势,细菌、真菌、好气性固氮菌数量和微生物量碳均在1610 m海拔处最高,放线菌和纤维素菌以960 m海拔处最高,但它们都在1920 m最高海拔处数量最小。细菌和微生物生物量碳与土壤有机质呈显著正相关性,放线菌与土壤环境因子呈显著正相关性,土壤全氮含量与含水量、速效钾与地温均呈显著正相关关系。试验结果综合分析得出,土壤养分含量、微生物数量的空间变异主要受海拔和植被的影响。     

不同海拔产地甜柿成熟期间品质变化规律研究

以种植于3个不同海拔产地的完全甜柿品种‘次郎'为试材,研究不同海拔产区甜柿在果实成熟期间的品质变化规律,结果表明:甜柿的最佳品质出现时间因产地海拔高度不同而不同,其限制因子是甜柿完全脱涩的时期。海拔低脱涩早,海拔高脱涩晚。用于采后低温冷藏的甜柿采收成熟度必须达8成熟,TSS含量不低于12%,否则冷藏期间易发生冷害。     

基于GA-BP网络的西藏高海拔地区ET0预报

选择那曲县(海拔4 450 m)、改则县(海拔4 700 m)作为西藏高原气候典型地区,通过遗传-神经(GA-BP)网络训练,应用1983—2012年30年的数据建立GA-BP网络模型,采用前一年的气象资料预报当年的参考作物腾发量,当2010—2012年连续3年的预报值均满足设定的阈值下限时,输出预测结果,这样使得模型在保证了预报精确度的同时兼具预报稳定性。结果发现:经GA-BP网络确定的2010—2012年3年模型预报值与真实值间的线性关系明显,决定系数R~2分别达到0.8805、0.9363、0.9167,斜率接近于1;多年的模拟预报值与实际值之间的相对误差均处于0.1以下,小于设定的阈值下限。对于易获得气象资料的地区,研究成果可对高海拔地区未来月际间作物需水量的变化进行预判,进而为将来灌溉制度的制定提供依据;对于缺测气象资料的地区,通过本文建立的网络模型,结合气象条件类似的站点,可在大时间尺度下对该地区ET_0变化趋势进行模拟,同时对下年度灌溉制度的拟定提供指导。     

Impact of site conditions and farming practices on the occurrence of rare and endangered weeds on arable land in the Czech Republic

This article documents the impact of site conditions and farming practices on the occurrence of rare and endangered weeds on arable land in the Czech Republic. A survey was conducted between 2006 and 2008 in winter cereals, spring cereals and wide‐row crops. The relationship between the occurrence of plants and explanatory factors was analysed using a multivariate analysis to calculate species frequencies in different types of farming, crops and altitudes. In total, 290 relevés were recorded, with a total number of 172 weed species. Nineteen weeds, classified as rare and endangered species according to the national Czech list, were identified in 106 relevés. The highest effect on the occurrence of rare and endangered weed species was observed for altitude. Almost half of the recorded endangered and rare species belonged to the thermophilous weed vegetation typical for cereals on basic soils. A higher occurrence of endangered species has been confirmed for organic farming, where the sum of frequencies was 4.5 times higher than in conventional farming. Field size was not included in our analyses, but could be a factor affecting weed assemblages. The highest frequency of rare species was recorded in spring cereals, followed by winter cereals and wide‐row crops. Higher numbers were identified within fields with higher weed coverage. Lower farming intensity and diversified farming systems at higher altitudes provided better conditions for the occurrence of rare species than intensively farmed lowlands.     

树木树冠阴影面积与种植间距的编程计算分析研究

主要是利用计算机编程软件Microsoft Visual C++6.0和现有的天文学公式以及对公式的分析计算处理,对决定树木所投射阴影大小起决定性因素的太阳方位角和太阳高度角进行编程化求解。然后根据所得出的实时数据和树木树冠模型化分析,最终计算得出不同的经纬度在某一时刻树木的投影面积,为果树等的合理种植间距分析提供依据。     

高海拔地区钾素营养对马铃薯品质及增产效应的研究

采用大田试验,研究了高海拔地区钾素营养对马铃薯品质的影响及增产效应。结果表明,适量的钾肥施用量既可以增加马铃薯单株结薯块数及大中薯块的比例,减少小薯块的数量,同时还能提高马铃薯的淀粉、维生素和蛋白质含量。随着钾肥施用量的增加,马铃薯块茎产量、大薯率、净增产值、产投比均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,钾肥(K2O)施用量在180 kg/hm2时虽能获得较好的块茎产量和大薯率,但不能获得较高的经济效益,综合产量和经济效益分析,最佳的钾肥(K2O)施用量135 kg/hm2左右为宜。     

不同海拔来源宽刺蔷薇的光合日变化及其生理机制

以来源于不同海拔高度的3个新疆宽刺蔷薇1年生实生苗为材料,在引种地北京测定光合作用日变化以及13:00的荧光参数、抗氧化生理指标.结果表明,来源不同海拔的宽刺蔷薇植株都在9:00以后出现净光合速率的持续降低,在上午受到气孔限制,中午则主要受非气孔限制,即PS Ⅱ反应中心活性的影响.各植株在13:00均受到不同程度的光抑制,与来源中、低海拔植株相比,来源高海拔的植株PS Ⅱ反应中心活性与热耗散能力均显著降低,即发生了更显著的光抑制效应;POD、APX酶活性以及AsA/DHA等酶类和非酶类抗氧化物质在高海拔来源植株中显著升高,以抵抗光氧化胁迫,但仍然造成了过剩的活性氧累积以及植物组织的膜脂过氧化伤害.     

兰州市九州台区不同海拔高度人工林群落物种多样性

通过对兰州市九州台区不同海拔人工林群落结构进行典型样地调查,分析了该林区3种海拔梯度人工林群落的物种多样性特征。结果表明,3种海拔梯度人工林中,中坡(海拔1 760～1 840m)物种多样性指数为最高,物种最丰富,恢复程度最好;3种海拔梯度人工林以上坡(1 900～1 970m)灌木层和草本层物种丰富度指数最小,下坡(1 590～1 730m)灌、草层物种丰富度最大;物种丰富度、种类组成和多样性表明,九州台区人工林草木层总体发育优于乔灌层;各梯度人工群落尚处于演替初期阶段,林下植被发育常以阳生性植物为主;对不同海拔人工林群落结构研究是兰州市南北两山生态绿化工程的延伸,该项研究对于兰州市南北两山植被恢复后的生物学效果评价具有重要意义。     

土壤有机碳活性组分沿中国长白山海拔坡度的分布情况

Understanding the responses of soil organic carbon(SOC) fractions to altitudinal gradient variation is important for understanding changes in the carbon balance of forest ecosystems.In our study the SOC and its fractions of readily oxidizable carbon(ROC),water-soluble carbon(WSC) and microbial biomass carbon(MBC) in the soil organic and mineral horizons were investigated for four typical forest types,including mixed coniferous broad-leaved forest(MCB),dark coniferous spruce-fir forest(DCSF),dark coniferous spruce forest(DCS),and Ermans birch forest(EB),along an altitudinal gradient in the Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve in Northeast China.The results showed that there was no obvious altitudinal pattern in the SOC.Similar variation trends of SOC with altitude were observed between the organic and mineral horizons.Significant differences in the contents of SOC,WSC,MBC and ROC were found among the four forest types and between horizons.The contents of ROC in the mineral horizon,WSC in the organic horizon and MBC in both horizons in the MCB and EB forests were significantly greater than those in either DCSF or DCS forest.The proportion of soil WSC to SOC was the lowest among the three main fractions.The contents of WSC,MBC and ROC were significantly correlated(P < 0.05) with SOC content.It can be concluded that vegetation types and climate were crucial factors in regulating the distribution of soil organic carbon fractions in Changbai Mountain.     

泰山侧柏,麻栎林森林群落的β多样性研究

本文通过对泰山两种主要森林类型（侧柏林和麻栎林）的研究表明：（１）随着海拔高度的增加，森林群落的物种数逐渐增多，而个体数逐渐减少；（２）森林群落间的差异随海拔高差的增加而增大；（３）在泰山海拔６００￣８００ｍ的区域，物种的更替最为明显；（４）Ｗｈｉｔｔａｋｅｒ指数和Ｂｒａｙ－Ｃｕｒｔｉｓ指数均能较好地描述森林群落的β多样性。