Whole‐genome analysis identifying candidate genes of altitude adaptive ecological thresholds in yak populations

The domestic yak (Bos grunniens) is an iconic symbol of animal husbandry on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Long‐term domestication and natural selection have led to a wide distribution of yak, forming many ecological populations to adapt to the local ecological environment. High altitude is closely related to oxygen density, and it is an important environmental ecological factor for biological survival and livestock production. The aim of the present study was to perform a preliminary analysis to identify the candidate genes of altitude distribution adapted ecological thresholds in yak using next‐generation sequence technology. A total of 15,762,829 SNPs were obtained from 29 yaks with high‐ and low‐altitude distribution by genome‐wide sequencing. According to the results of the selective sweep analysis with FST and ZHp, 21 candidate genes were identified. 14 genes (serine/threonine protein kinase TNNI3K, TEN1, DYM, ITPR1, ZC4H2, KNTC1, ADGRB3, CLYBL, TANGO6, ASCC3, KLHL3, PDE4D, DEPDC1B and AGBL4) were grouped into 32 Gene Ontology terms, and four genes (RPS6KA6, ITPR1, GNAO1 and PDE4D) annotated in 35 pathways, including seven environmental information processing and one environmental adaptation. Therefore, the novel candidate genes found in the current study do not only support new theories about high‐altitude adaptation, but also further explain the molecular mechanisms of altitude adaptation threshold in yaks.     

四川盆地丘陵及盆周低山区杉木实生林生长特点及提高产量的途径

四川盆地丘陵及盆周低山区杉木实生林受气候等环境条件的影响,速生期早而短,若立地条件差则很多林木因早熟而达不到培育目标。本研究在调查杉木主要分布区林分生长状况基础上,通过树干解析、生长过程对比分析,弄清了该地区杉木林分速生期持续的年限,并提出了以间作、合理施肥、合理密植为提高产量的主要措施。试验证明,这些措施具有明显的效果,既改良了林地土壤的理化性质、提高了土壤肥力,又延长了林分的速生期,提高林分蓄积并改善了木材的规格质量,其经济效益和社会效益都十分明显。     

基于无人机多光谱影像的矮林芳樟叶片含水率与叶水势反演

叶片含水率和叶水势反映植物组织中水分的状态,是衡量植物水分供应和水分利用效率的重要指标。为探究基于不同高度下无人机多光谱影像反演叶片含水率和叶水势模型的差异,本研究在3个飞行高度处理F30、F60、F100 (30、60、100m)下采集多光谱影像数据,通过使用6种光谱反射率+经验植被指数的组合与地面实测数据进行相关性分析,获得不同飞行高度下的光谱反射率+经验植被指数组合与叶片含水率和叶水势的反演模型及其决定系数,以决定系数为依据分别构建支持向量机（SVM）、随机森林（RF）和径向基神经网络（RBFNN）模型,分析不同飞行高度无人机多光谱影像反演芳樟叶片含水率和叶水势的精度。结果发现：3个飞行高度下,基于RF模型的反演精度均高于SVM模型和RBFNN模型。F30处理对叶片含水率与叶水势反演效果均优于F60和F100处理。F30处理对叶片含水率反演的敏感光谱反射率+植被指数组合为红光波段反射率（R）、红边1波段反射率（RE1）、红边2波段反射率（RE2）、近红外波段反射率（NIR）、增强型植被指数（EVI）、土壤调节植被指数（SAVI）。RF模型训练集的R2、RMSE、MRE分别为0.845、0.548%、0.712%;测试集的R2、RMSE、MRE分别为0.832、0.683%、0897%。对叶水势反演的敏感光谱反射率+植被指数组合为R、RE2、NIR、EVI、SAVI、花青素反射指数（ARI）。RF模型训练集的R2、RMSE、MRE分别为0.814、0.073MPa、3.550%;测试集的R2、RMSE、MRE分别为0.806、0.095MPa、4.250%。研究结果表明飞行高度30m与RF方法分别为反演叶片含水率和叶水势的最优光谱获取高度与最优模型构建方法。本研究可为基于无人机平台的矮林芳樟水分监测提供技术支持,并可为筛选无人机多光谱波段与经验植被指数、实现植物长势参数快速估测提供应用参考。     

Crop type and altitude are the main drivers of species composition of arable weed vegetation in Tajikistan

The influence of broad‐scale environmental factors on the species composition of segetal weed communities in Tajikistan was investigated. The research was conducted throughout the country, analysing plots of root crops as well as cereals from all phytogeographical regions of Tajikistan, with the exception of the eastern Pamir. The study was based on 440 phytosociological relevées sampled between 2009 and 2013 and analysed using direct and indirect ordinations. A set of environmental variables was obtained for each plot: altitude, mean annual precipitation, mean annual temperature, pH, crop type, longitude, latitude and date of sampling (seasonality). Crop type was the major factor determining species composition, which was related to the different farming practices in roots and cereals. Major changes in weed species composition were also driven by altitude and correlated temperatures. The seasonality of weed communities also had a considerable effect on weed community structure. Samples from spring differed significantly from samples from summer and late summer. Only longitude and soil pH were found to be insignificant. The complete set of environmental variables used in a canonical correspondence analysis explained 8.3% of the species variation in sampled plots. The study showed that despite the very diverse climatic conditions and low intensity of agriculture in Tajikistan, agrocoenoses respond mainly to the type of cultivation practised in arable land.     

不同海拔地区两种小型猪血液生理生化指标比较

本试验旨在比较高原蕨麻小型猪与平原巴马小型猪的血液生理生化指标差异,为高原蕨麻小型猪的实验动物化提供理论基础.试验分别在高原地区和西安市采集高原蕨麻小型猪与巴马小型猪血样,检测10项血液生理指标和14项血液生化指标,并对结果进行统计分析.结果显示,血液生理指标中高原蕨麻小型猪的红细胞计数(RBC)、血红蛋白(HGB)、红细胞压积(HCT)、红细胞平均血红蛋白含量(MCH)、红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度(MCMH)均极显著高于巴马小型猪(P< 0.01),血小板(PLT)、红细胞分布列宽变异系数(RDW-CV)和红细胞分布宽度标准差(RDW-SD)与巴马小型猪相比差异显著(P< 0.05);血液生化指标中高原蕨麻小型猪γ-谷氨酰基转移酶(GGT)、葡萄糖(GLU)、肌酐(CRE)均极显著高于巴马小型猪(P< 0.01),其余指标均无显著差异(P> 0.05).结果表明,高原蕨麻小型猪具有低氧适应的生理特征,与巴马小型猪相比有独特的高原适应性,具有开发成为高原疾病动物模型的潜力.     

宝天曼自然保护区森林土壤碳氮储量分布格局分析

森林土壤碳氮储量是森林生态系统物质循环的基础,关系着全球的气候变化。为了认识宝天曼森林土壤碳氮储量的分布格局,以内乡宝天曼自然保护区森林土壤为研究对象,采用土壤剖面调查方法,分析比较了内乡宝天曼土壤碳氮储量和碳氮比与海拔、林龄和土壤类型的关系。结果表明:该区域森林土壤碳储量为14.24～137.97 t/hm²,平均值为82.05 t/hm²,土壤氮储量在0.75～6.89 t/hm²范围,平均值为3.98 t/hm²;土壤碳氮储量与海拔和林龄符合正相关的线性关系,随着海拔的升高和林龄的增大而升高,变化趋势明显,碳氮比保持在20左右;土壤碳氮储量在不同林型间的差异很大;不同土壤类型之间,山地棕壤的碳氮储量极显著高于山地黄棕壤和山地褐土（p<0.01）。该研究揭示了宝天曼自然保护区森林土壤碳氮储量的空间分布规律,对于宝天曼自然保护区森林应对气候变化、森林植被恢复及森林生态系统的管理和保护具有重要的指导意义。     

不同海拔高度引种秃杉试验初报

在福建省德化葛坑国有林场不同海拔高度的山地引种栽培秃杉,并与杉木、柳杉、福建柏进行造林对比试验。结果表明:18年生秃杉在海拔550 m8、00 m9、80 m与1 650 m的生长差异达显著水平;在不同海拔高度,秃杉与杉木、柳杉、福建柏的生长差异显著,秃杉的单株材积增幅达19.3%~49.3%。说明秃杉宜在海拔500~1 000 m引种,其生长量最大,效益最好,是福建省中高海拔山区杉木采伐迹地的优良更新树种。     

恩施烟区土壤和烤烟总氮含量及其关系研究

2006-2007年,以湖北省恩施烟区有代表性的宣恩县和咸丰县为试验地点,选取了129个土壤样本和124个烤烟样本,分析了该区土壤氮素含量和烤烟总氮含量状况及其关系,结果表明:土壤全氮和碱解氮含量变幅分别为0.70~3.90 g.kg-1和66.8~233.9 mg.kg-1,平均分别为(1.65±0.34)g.kg-1和(131.69±30.97)mg.kg-1,全氮含量的变异系数略小于碱解氮含量变异系数.全氮和碱解氮含量均以表层0~20 cm含量最高,20~40 cm居中,而40~60 cm最低;烤烟总氮含量变幅为15.80~29.50 g.kg-1,平均为(21.30±3.30)g.kg-1,变异系数为15.49%;烤烟总氮含量在品种间、等级间和海拔高度间均存在显著差异,品种间表现为:‘K326’>‘云烟85’>‘云烟87’,等级间表现为:B2F>C3F>X2F,海拔间表现为:低海拔>中海拔>高海拔;烤烟总氮含量随土壤碱解氮含量的升高而升高,土壤氮素含量亦随海拔的升高而升高,而烤烟总氮含量则随海拔的升高而降低.     

贵州高海拔地区土壤真菌种类初步鉴定

为了解贵州省高海拔特殊生境的土壤真菌种类,采用土壤稀释法,对贵州高海拔地区土壤真菌种类进行了鉴定.结果表明:主要真菌种类为青霉属(Penicillium)和木霉属(Triehoderma),曲霉属(Aspergillus)和毛霉属(Mucor)较少.