高寒草原不同种草方式对流动沙丘植被恢复的影响

[目的]研究种草方式对流动沙丘植被恢复效果的影响,为高寒草原沙化土地治理提供技术支持.[方法]在甘肃省玛曲县流动沙丘,设置不同播种方式、不同草种和不同种草模式试验,分析不同种草方式对植被恢复的影响.[结果]撒播和条播对植被恢复无显著影响.总体上草种对植被恢复影响不大,流动沙丘植被恢复中只需种植垂穗披碱草(Elymus ...     

长江源区高寒草甸植被覆盖变化对蒸散过程的影响

为了研究长江源区植被盖度变化对高寒草甸蒸散过程的影响,在长江源区选择坡向、坡型和坡度趋于一致,植被覆盖度分别为92%,65%和30%的高寒草甸建立天然观测场,采用小型蒸渗仪称重法观测计算不同覆盖条件下的高寒草甸蒸散量,分析了不同时期蒸散的动态变化特征和主要驱动因子。研究结果表明,在生长前期,随着植被盖度降低,高寒草甸蒸散量呈增加趋势;而在生长期、生长后期和冻结期,随着植被盖度降低,高寒草甸蒸散量呈减小趋势,且盖度变化对生长期蒸散量的影响尤为显著。不同时期主导蒸散变化的因子存在差异,热量因子在生长前、后期起主导作用,而在生长期起主导作用的是水分因子。     

东祁连山高寒草甸土壤酶活性及其化学计量特征对海拔和坡向的响应

研究高寒草甸微尺度海拔和坡向下土壤酶活性及其化学计量特征的变化对于探讨草地生态系统养分循环过程具有重要的生态学意义。以东祁连山高寒草甸为研究对象,分析了7个海拔（2 800,3 000,3 200,3 400,3 600,3 800,4 000 m）和2个坡向（阴坡、阳坡）高寒草甸的土壤酶活性、化学计量特征变化规律及其与土壤理化因子之间的关系。结果表明：海拔和坡向的交互效应对土壤亮氨酸氨基肽酶（LAP）、β-葡萄糖苷酶（BG）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）和过氧化物酶（POD）酶活性、lnBG/ln （NAG+LAP）、lnBG/lnAP和ln （NAG+LAP）/lnAP有显著影响;LAP、AP、BG、POD、lnBG/ln （NAG+LAP）、lnBG/ln （NAG+LAP）随海拔的升高呈先升高后降低,β—1,4—乙酰基氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）和PPO随海拔升高而降低;同一海拔,阳坡土壤AP、BG、POD、PPO酶活性低于阴坡,阳坡土壤NAG酶活性高于阴坡,海拔3 800 m以下阳坡LAP酶活性低于阴坡,除海拔3 000 m和4 000 m外的其他海拔阳坡的土壤lnBG/ln （NAG+LAP）高于阴坡,海拔3 000~3 400 m的土壤lnBG/lnAP和海拔3 000~3 600 m的土壤ln （NAG+LAP）/lnAP在阳坡低于阴坡。相关分析发现,土壤酶活性及其化学计量特征不同程度受土壤C、N、P资源及土壤水分条件等的调控,土壤含水量和有机碳是影响土壤酶活性的主要因子。综上,土壤酶活性及其化学计量特征在微尺度海拔和坡向上具有差异性,且受土壤C、N、P资源及土壤水分条件的综合影响,以土壤含水量和有机碳尤为突出。     

不同管理措施下高寒退化草地恢复效果评估

为了科学评估不同管理措施下退化高寒草地生态治理的综合成效,该研究采用VOR及CVOR生态系统健康评价模型,对甘肃省玛曲退化高寒草甸实施2a的围封、划破、施肥、补播和综合措施等五种不同生态恢复措施,以及自由放牧下的草地生态系统健康状况进行了评估。根据两种模型测算结果,用VOR指数评价综合生态恢复措施的效果大致为:综合措施、施肥划破、补播、围封放牧,用CVOR指数评价综合生态恢复措施的效果:综合措施划破施肥、补播、围封放牧。综合措施在2种评价体系下均显著优于各单一处理措施,实施2a后其CVOR数值处于健康范围,高达0.917,且放牧导致高寒草甸生态系统健康趋于警戒水平,健康指数值为0.572。结果表明,VOR及CVOR指数模型应用于生态恢复管理措施的效果评价,可反映出不同措施实施后的具体量化效果,可进行更广泛适用。在退化严重亟需生态恢复的草地,可通过综合生态恢复措施的实施,以达到全面迅速恢复草地生态系统健康的目的。此外,需具体考量每种措施的经济学和生态学双重效益,利用更全面的CVOR指数模型评价草地健康状况,因地制宜地制定和实施管理措施。     

自压喷灌技术在高寒干旱区草地植被恢复的应用浅析

针对高海拔、寒冷和干旱等恶劣气候环境地区草地植被恢复的瓶颈问题,结合可持续发展战略内涵,该研究系统地介绍了高寒干旱区草地自压喷灌技术,采用创新设计,设置围栏、围栏+喷灌、未围栏3个处理的初级生产效益对比分析试验。结果显示,围栏封育+自压喷灌样地植物平均高度比未围栏样地增加了155.77%,比仅围栏样地增加了76.71%;群落盖度比未围栏样地增加了152.69%,比仅围栏样地增加了35.96%;群落生产力比未围栏样地增加了110.00%,比仅围栏样地增加了24.10%。结果表明,自压喷灌技术在水源和地形条件具备的高寒干旱草地恢复中具备一定的示范和推广潜力,为西藏地区因地制宜,科学合理地利用水资源,为该区草地生态畜牧业的可持续发展提供了一条新思路。     

东祁连山不同高寒灌丛草地土壤抗蚀性研究

为探讨祁连山东段不同高寒灌丛草地的土壤抗蚀性特征,采用野外调查和室内试验的方式,对东祁连山金露梅、柳、杜鹃3类高寒灌丛草地的土壤抗蚀性特征及其影响因素进行了研究。结果表明:不同灌丛草地土壤水稳性团聚体主要以0.5mm的大粒径水稳性团聚体为主,土壤团聚结构破坏率表现为:柳灌丛草地杜鹃灌丛草地金露梅灌丛草地;土壤水稳性指数依次为:杜鹃灌丛草地(97.1%)柳灌丛草地(96.9%)金露梅灌丛草地(95.8%);土壤抗蚀指数表现为:杜鹃灌丛草地最大(95.0%),金露梅灌丛草地最小(92.9%)。总体上,杜鹃灌丛草地的土壤抗蚀性最强,金露梅灌丛草地的土壤抗蚀性最差。通过灰色关联度法,对0.5mm的机械团聚体含量、0.25mm的机械团聚体含量、0.25mm的水稳性团聚体含量、0.5mm的水稳性团聚体含量、土壤结构破坏率、水稳性团聚体平均质量直径、有机质、土壤崩解率、土壤水稳性指数、土壤抗蚀指数10个土壤抗蚀性指标进行评价分析认为,影响高寒灌丛草地土壤抗蚀性最主要的因素是水稳性指数、0.25mm水稳团聚体和水稳性团聚体平均质量直径。     

The effect of land management on carbon and nitrogen status in plants and soils of alpine meadows on the Tibetan plateau

Large‐scale grassland rehabilitation has been carried out on the severely degraded lands of the Tibetan plateau. The grasslands created provide a useful model for evaluating the recovery of ecosystem properties. The purposes of this research were: (1) to examine the relative influence of various rehabilitation practices on carbon and nitrogen in plants and soils in early secondary succession; and (2) to evaluate the degree to which severely degraded grassland altered plant and soil properties relative to the non‐disturbed native community. The results showed: (1) The aboveground tissue C and N content in the control were 105·97 g m⁻² and 3·356 g m⁻², respectively. The aboveground tissue C content in the mixed seed treatment, the single seed treatment, the natural recovery treatment and the severely degraded treatment was 137 per cent, 98 per cent, 49 per cent and 38 per cent, respectively, of that in the control. The corresponding aboveground tissue N content was 109 per cent, 84 per cent, 60 per cent and 47 per cent, respectively, of that in the control. (2) Root C and N content in 0–20 cm depths of the control had an average 1606 g m⁻² and 30·36 g m⁻², respectively. Root C and N content in the rehabilitation treatments were in the range of 26–36 per cent and 35–53 per cent, while those in the severely degraded treatment were only 17 per cent and 26 per cent of that in the control. (3) In the control the average soil C and N content at 0–20 cm was 11 307 g m⁻² and 846 g m⁻², respectively. Soil C content in the uppermost 20 cm in the seeded treatments, the natural recovery treatment and the severely degraded treatment was 67 per cent, 73 per cent and 57 per cent, respectively, while soil N content in the uppermost 20 cm was 72 per cent, 82 per cent and 79 per cent, respectively, of that in the control. The severely degraded land was a major C source. Restoring the severely degraded lands to perennial vegetation was an alternative approach to sequestering C in former degraded systems. N was a limiting factor in seeding grassland. It is necessary for sustainable utilization of seeding grassland to supply extra N fertilizer to the soil or to add legume species into the seed mix. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impacts of soil erosion on organic carbon and nutrient dynamics in an alpine grassland soil

The impact of soil erosion on the nutrient dynamics in alpine grassland soils is still an essential problem. Selecting a grass-covered hillslope in eastern Tibet Plateau, the cesium-137 (¹³⁷Cs) technique was used to determine the impacts of soil erosion on soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total potassium (TK). The ¹³⁷Cs data revealed that there were distinct soil redistribution patterns in different hillslope positions because of the influences of slope runoff, plant coverage and grazing activity. For the upper slope, soil erosion first decreased downward, followed by soil deposition in its lower part. In contrast, for middle and toe slopes, there was an increasing soil erosion along a downslope transect. Across the lower slope, soil erosion showed an irregular variation. Influenced by the selective transport of water erosion, SOC, TN and TP storage decreased with increasing soil erosion in upper, middle and toe slopes. In contrast, SOC, TN and TP storage varied little with soil erosion in the lower slope. On the whole hillslope, TK storage also varied little with soil erosion due to the large amount of potassium elements derived from soil parent materials. Particularly noteworthy was the greatest storage of SOC, TN and TP in the lower slope where most obvious net soil erosion occurred, which is closely related to the humus accumulation combined with gravel separation as well as weathering and pedogenesis of parent rocks induced by soil freeze-thaw.     

高寒城市郊区外来园林树种适应性评价

为了确定外来园林树种在高寒城市郊区的适应性,以典型区域——青海西宁市火烧沟外来园林树种为对象,基于野外定株监测及室内统计分析,对其抗寒性、性状稳定性及生长发育能力等进行了研究,并综合评价了不同树种的适应能力。结果表明：（1）乔木树种紫叶稠李主干基部在晚冬期出现轻微冻裂,其他3种乔木在早春期发生了严重的抽条及轻度的冻害,4者叶色或叶形均明显改变,适应能力依次为：紫叶稠李>金叶复叶槭>金枝国槐>金叶榆。（2）小乔木类树种均发生了较严重的抽条,芽、叶、花出现了明显的冻斑,花朵变色或畸形率低于10%,适应性强弱依次为：西府海棠>独干红叶榆叶梅=绚丽海棠>红叶碧桃。（3）几种丁香属植物抵御冻害能力较强,仅部分物种一年生枝发生了轻微的抽条,但一些物种后期生长发育能力较差,例如黄丁香不发育花器官,综合适应能力大小为：紫罗兰丁香=波峰丁香=红叶丁香>辽东丁香>其他5者。（4）小灌木类树种胶东卫矛和小叶黄杨冬季地上部全部冻干,其他小灌木也发生了不同程度的冻害和抽条,球冠类适应能力为：榆叶梅=珍珠绣线菊>金叶榆>圆柏,绿篱类为：水蜡=紫叶矮樱>金...     

密度与施肥对高山反季节花椰菜产量影响研究

本试验研究了四种种植密度及四种施肥水平对花椰菜产量的影响,得出高山反季节花椰菜高产的适宜种植密度和施肥水平。结果表明：四种不同的种植密度之间存在显著差异,理想的种植密度为667m2植2400株;四种不同的施肥水平之间也存在显著差异,理想的施肥水平为667m2施78kg;理想的组合是667m2植2400株,施肥78kg。