秸秆颗粒改良剂对川西北高寒沙地土壤氮素和黑麦草生长的影响

为探明秸秆颗粒改良剂对川西北高寒沙地土壤氮素和黑麦草生长的影响,以农业废弃物(秸秆)为主要原料,复合聚丙烯酰胺、微生物菌剂和氮磷钾肥,加工成秸秆颗粒改良剂,设4个施用量水平(6,12,18,24t/hm2),以空白对照(CK0)和当地常规牦牛粪处理(CK1)为对照。结果表明:与CK0相比,秸秆颗粒改良剂和CK1均能显著增加土壤全氮、全氮密度、全氮储量和硝态氮含量,增加黑麦草株高、总根长、总根表面积、总根体积、平均根系直径和单株干重(p0.05),达到增加土壤氮素含量和促进黑麦草生长的效果。与CK1相比,秸秆颗粒改良剂处理的平均全氮含量、全氮密度、全氮储量和硝态氮含量分别增加了12.50%,22.73%,20.90%和344.56%,黑麦草地上和地下部平均单株干重分别增加了57.50%和66.86%。增施秸秆颗粒改良剂可有效增加土壤氮素含量,黑麦草各生长指标也随改良剂施用量增加呈逐渐增加的趋势。施用量超过18t/hm2时,0—10cm土层的全氮、全氮密度、全氮储量和黑麦草各生长指标差异不显著。土壤氮素指标与黑麦草单株干重存在正相关关系,其中土壤全氮、全氮储量与黑麦草单株干重的相关性最高(r≥0.90**)。随改良剂施用量增加,外源养分淋溶率呈先降低后升高的趋势,在18t/hm2处有最小值。综合考虑土壤氮素含量、外源养分淋溶率和黑麦草生长的变化,秸秆颗粒改良剂以18t/hm2为川西北沙地土壤改良的最佳施用量。     

高山晚熟巨峰葡萄氮磷钾吸收与分配规律

本文以整株解析、分期取样的方式,用为期两年的时间研究了不同时期的巨峰葡萄对于 氮磷钾养分需求的实际规律,用第二年的规律验证第一年的规律。结合结果数据得出本次得出 的巨峰葡萄对氮磷钾需求的规律。     

Interacting effects of yak dung deposition and litter quality on litter mass loss and nitrogen dynamics in Tibetan alpine grassland

The effects of grazing‐induced dung deposition on plant growth and soil attributes are well established, but little is known about dung effects on litter decomposition. Here, we tested effects of yak dung on litter decomposition and nutrient content in a Tibetan alpine meadow. We incubated litter of four common alpine meadow species using litter bags in the field. Two low‐quality species (Kobresia capillifolia and Elymus nutans) with low nitrogen (N), high C/N and Lignin/N, and two high‐quality species, (Saussurea nigrescens and Thermopsis lanceolata) were incubated in monoculture with and without dung addition. Mass loss of leaf litter, fibre fraction (cellulose, hemi‐cellulose and lignin), N and phosphorus (P) were measured after 6, 12 and 18 months of incubation in the field. Dung addition significantly increased decomposition constants for low‐quality litter species, but not for high‐quality litter species. Dung addition promoted cellulose and hemi‐cellulose loss, but lignin loss was not affected by dung addition, except after 12 months for high‐quality litter species. Dung reduced N immobilization after 6 months and did not affect subsequent release in low‐quality litter species, and promoted N release after 6 and 12 months in high‐quality litter species. Regardless of litter quality, dung increased P release after 6 and 12 months. Our results suggest grazing‐induced dung deposition may accelerate C and nutrient turnover, primarily through increasing the mass loss of low‐quality litter, P release from litter and N release from high‐quality litter. The mechanisms underlying the effects of dung deposition need to be clarified in future studies.     

退化高寒草地土壤活性有机碳组分分布

在青海省三江源区选择了果洛州甘德县青珍乡(高寒草甸)和玛多县花石峡镇(高寒草原)2个样地,每个样地各划分5种不同退化程度(原生植被UD、轻度退化LD、中度退化MD、重度退化HD、极度退化ED),10 cm等深度采集表土土壤样品,分析土壤活性有机碳(Active soil organic carbon,ASOC)主要组分含量变化。结果表明,研究样地内土壤表土(0~30 cm)微生物量碳(Microbial biomass carbon,MBC)、轻组有机碳(Light fraction organic carbon,LFOC)、易氧化有机碳(Readily oxidizabe organic carbon,ROC)和水溶性有机碳(Water soluble organic carbon,WSOC)的含量均随退化程度的加剧和土层的加深呈下降趋势。0~30 cm土层MBC含量为244.46~360.69 mg/kg,LFOC为1.36~8.64 g/kg,ROC为1.12~9.41 g/kg;WSOC为83.41~141.59 mg/kg;0~30 cm土层,ED与UD相比,MBC降低了25.47%~30.57%,LFOC降低了78.76%~81.27%,ROC降低了80.97%~82.97%,WSOC降低了16.48%~24.43%。MBC、LFOC、ROC和WSOC分别占SOC的比例为1.11%~4.32%、24.07%~26.56%、19.82%~28.92%和0.40%~1.62%。ASOC各组分含量均表现为高寒草甸的青珍乡样地高于高寒草原的花石峡镇样地。     

植被恢复对高寒沙区土壤性质的影响

[目的]明确高寒沙区不同植被类型对土壤性质改良效果的差异,探讨各植被区沙地土壤恢复过程的异质性和人工林木的可开发利用潜力。[方法]以沙珠玉治沙试验林场内不同生长年限的人工植被为研究对象,分析高寒沙区6种植被类型区(乌柳、青杨、赖草、柠条、沙棘、柽柳)以及3个对照区(农田、流动沙丘、丘间沙地)土壤的机械组成、p H值、有机质及全N、全P、全K等理化性质指标。[结果](1)植被恢复生长51年后,从黏粒和粉砂粒增加的比例角度分析,土壤质地改良顺序为沙棘(206.3%)柠条(108.5%)青杨(70.5%)乌柳(56.8%)赖草(54.1%)柽柳(42.3%);从全N、全P和全K增加的比例角度分析,土壤养分改良顺序为青杨(198.2%)柠条(166.7%)沙棘(155.3%)乌柳(82.6%)赖草(75.4%)柽柳(53.9%),土壤全P含量偏低,平均0.42 g·kg-1;(2)植被恢复生长51年后,柠条、沙棘、青杨、赖草、乌柳和柽柳林下0 30 cm土壤有机质含量依次为20.19、18.25、30.81、23.57、22.13和10.62 g·kg-1,比流动沙丘或丘间沙地相应的提高了766.7%、702.4%、689.8%、517.4%、491.5%和343.9%。[结论]随着植被恢复年限的增加,土壤质地和养分状况得到显著改善,但土壤p H值的变异系数较小;各样地土层间有机质含量差距不断扩大,表聚性越来越明显,并且随深度增加各土层恢复效果存在滞后性。柠条和沙棘适宜在共和盆地推广种植,建议实施适当地抚育管理措施,以促进高寒沙区林场实现可持续经营发展。     

青藏高原高寒湿地不同季节土壤理化性质对放牧模式的响应

本文分析了青藏高原东缘高寒湿地在全年放牧、冬季放牧和全年禁牧3种放牧模式下土壤理化性质的变化,探讨其在不同土层深度的变化及季节性动态。结果如下:1)沿着全年禁牧—冬季放牧—全年放牧3种放牧模式,土壤表层(0~15 cm)及下层(15~30 cm)的土壤含水量和有机碳含量显著减小。2)土壤含水量、有机碳、全氮、全磷和速效氮含量均随土层深度的增加而降低,而速效磷表现为无规律。3)3种放牧模式下表层土壤有机碳含量均为:9月>5月>7月;全氮和全磷含量一般都在9月份较高,而速效氮和速效磷含量9月份最低,每种放牧模式下它们之间的具体差异也不完全相同。4)除5月份,两个土层土壤全氮含量均与有机碳含量呈极显著正相关。综上,全年放牧模式加快了土壤中C、N、P的周转,使土壤养分输出量增加,进而导致土壤肥力下降,草地退化。     

室温干燥贮藏和天然高寒草甸层积对草玉梅种子萌发的影响

明晰草玉梅种子休眠的释放,为草地管理和草玉梅的栽培提供基础,研究了室温干燥贮藏和高寒草甸层积对草玉梅种子萌发特征的影响。结果表明,室温干燥贮藏天数不同、是否去掉果皮和是否光照影响了草玉梅种子的初始发芽天数、发芽率和发芽指数。随着贮藏天数的增加,去掉果皮草玉梅种子的初始发芽天数呈不同程度的减小,发芽率和发芽指数呈不同程度的增加。室温贮藏40~180 d的草玉梅种子,去掉或未去掉果皮后光照条件下的初次发芽天数显著低于贮藏0 d处理(P<0.05)。室温贮藏40,80,150和180 d的草玉梅种子在去掉果皮光照处理下,其发芽率间的差异不显著(P>0.05),但皆显著高于贮藏0 d处理(P<0.05)。室温贮藏180 d的草玉梅种子未去掉果皮光照下的发芽率显著高于贮藏80和150 d处理(P<0.05),后两者显著高于贮藏40 d处理(P<0.05),贮藏40 d 处理又显著高于贮藏0 d处理(P<0.05)。光照不同程度地降低了草玉梅种子的初始发芽天数,提高了草玉梅种子的发芽率和发芽指数。高寒草甸土壤中冷季层积处理不同程度地降低了草玉梅种子的初次发芽天数,提高了发芽率和发芽指数。践踏层积的草玉梅种子在30/20℃和20/10℃变温条件下的初次发芽天数分别显著低于层积不践踏处理(P<0.05)。践踏层积的草玉梅种子在25/15℃和20/10℃变温条件下的发芽率(分别为38.0%和35.3%),显著高于层积不践踏处理(22.7%和14.0%);室温贮藏同期(11月-4月)未去掉果皮的草玉梅种子未能发芽。当年10月成熟后层积于天祝高寒草甸放牧地的草玉梅种子,至次年8月底有40.2%的发芽;未发芽的草玉梅种子在培养箱30/20℃到20/5℃的温度范围均能发芽,在30/20℃最高,仅为15.3%,绝大多数种子处于休眠。     

甘肃省高寒草原牧草孢囊线虫的鉴定

2013年8月下旬,对甘肃天祝高寒草甸草原孢囊线虫发生情况进行调查,从嵩草和矮嵩草根部和根际土样中分离得到孢囊线虫。通过对孢囊和孢囊阴门锥的形态观察,初步鉴定为禾谷孢囊线虫(Heterodera avenae)。其特征为孢囊浅褐色,阔柠檬形,阴门锥双膜孔,未见阴门下桥,泡状突明显。利用通用引物AB28和TW81对其群体rDNA-ITS区进行PCR扩增和序列测定,得到ITS区序列长度为1045 bp。将所测得序列在Genbank和Blast上比对,结果显示,此禾谷孢囊线虫群体与H. avenae群体相似度达99%~100%。进一步证实寄生于甘肃天祝高寒草甸草原嵩草和矮嵩草的孢囊线虫均为H. avenae,这是首次报道莎草科嵩草和矮嵩草也是禾谷孢囊线虫的寄主。     

施氮磷肥对青藏高原高寒草甸土壤线虫群落组成的影响

对典型高寒草甸放牧不施肥(G),放牧施氮肥(GN)(5,10,15 g/m²)和放牧施磷肥(GP)(2,4,8 g/m²)条件下的土壤线虫群落组成进行研究,结果表明,放牧草甸施肥条件下,土壤线虫多样性升高、成熟度指数随施肥梯度升高而降低,但各处理间土壤线虫多样性指数、成熟度指数和数量没有显著差异。放牧施氮肥、放牧施磷肥处理中食真菌和捕食性土壤线虫数量降低,食细菌土壤线虫数量增加,且食细菌土壤线虫在施磷肥处理中增加显著。在少量施氮肥和磷肥时,植食性土壤线虫数量较低,但杂食性土壤线虫数量较高。土壤线虫cp-1和cp-3类群的数量随施肥梯度的升高而增多,其他类群的数量降低。除食细菌土壤线虫外,其他类群土壤线虫与土壤理化性质之间没有显著相关关系。     

Changes in wind activity from 1957 to 2011 and their possible influence on aeolian desertification in northern China

Wind activity is proved to have significant impacts on aeolian desertification. Clarifying the fluctuations and change trend of wind velocity is important for understanding their influence on aeolian desertification. In this study, we used a dataset of wind velocities collected from 93 meteorological stations across northern China from 1957 to 2011 to analyze the changes in wind activity during this period. We tested the monotonic and step(abrupt) trends for annual and seasonal data of mean wind velocity by using Mann-Kendall and Mann-Whitney tests, respectively. The results indicated that the annual mean wind velocity decreased by 0.83 m/s from 1957 to 2011. The decreasing trends were also significant(P<0.01) for each season. The magnitude of the decrease was smallest in the east of northern China and largest in the west of northern China, and the most remarkable decrease occurred in the northwest of northern China. Abrupt decreases in annual and seasonal mean wind velocities occurred in the mid-1980 s, which was consistent with the changes in aeolian desertification since the mid-1980 s in northern China. As revealed by our study, although both modern aeolian desertification and ecosystem rehabilitation are affected by human activities to some extent, they are also likely to be strongly controlled by climate change, especially by wind activity.