养分专家系统推荐施肥对夏玉米生理特性及产量的影响

为探究养分专家系统推荐施肥对夏玉米生理特性的影响,于2019年6月—10月在河南省鹤壁市、新乡市两地同步开展肥效田间试验,设置农户施肥(FP)、经验施肥(ST)、养分专家推荐施肥(NE)、在NE基础上施用缓控释肥(RNE,50％包膜氮肥,施肥量同NE)、在NE基础上不施氮肥(NE-N)、在NE基础上不施磷肥(NE-P)、在NE基础上不施钾肥(NE-K)共7个处理.以夏玉米浚单22为试验品种,于关键生育时期测试叶片叶绿素、冠层光合有效辐射、光合速率和叶片解剖结构,并于成熟期测定产量,分析计算肥料利用特征,研究不同施肥措施对夏玉米产量和光合生理特性的影响.结果 表明:基于养分专家系统的推荐施肥(NE、RNE)处理较肥料减施状态下(NE-N、NE-P、NE-K)处理分别增产28.69％、23.23％、22.89％,较FP平均增产16.62％、11.40％.氮、磷、钾合理施用有效降低叶片胞间CO2浓度、提高净光合速率,并且对叶片解剖结构和叶绿素含量具有积极影响,光合有效辐射分量在夏玉米整个生育期内对产量的影响较大.进一步研究表明,NE处理氮、磷、钾肥料利用率平均为29.63％、15.23％、40.55％,肥料农学效率分别是11.95、22.59、24.49 kg?kg-1.综上可知,氮磷钾合理施肥显著改善夏玉米生育期叶片的光合性能,提升肥料利用率,促进干物质的合成,提高了夏玉米产量.     

酵母菌载纳米铁去除水中2,4,6–三氯酚的性能

以酵母菌为载体,废弃烟叶提取物为还原剂,制备酵母菌载纳米铁(TB–Fe/SCNPs),并探究其去除水中2, 4, 6–三氯酚(2, 4, 6–TCP)的性能。结果表明：负载在酵母菌上的纳米铁为粒径(77.6±16.1) nm的球形颗粒;TB–Fe/SC NPs去除2, 4, 6–TCP主要包括吸附和氧化降解2种途径,符合拟二级反应动力学模型;溶解氧和羟自由基在TB–Fe/SC NPs氧化降解2, 4, 6–TCP中起重要作用;TB–Fe/SC NPs对2, 4, 6–TCP的去除率随温度的升高而增大,随2, 4,6–TCP初始浓度的增大而减少,而反应体系的pH值对TB–Fe/SCNPs去除2,4,6–TCP的影响较小;TB–Fe/SCNPs用量为1.0～3.0g/L时,2,4,6–TCP的去除率随TB–Fe/SCNPs用量的增大而增大;Fe3+、Mg2+、Ca2+和SO42–能促进TB–Fe/SCNPs去除2,4,6–TCP的反应,HPO42–、HCO3–和腐殖酸则对反应有抑制作用,而K+、NO3–和Cl–对2, 4, 6–TCP的去除影响不明显;TB–Fe/SC NPs能在室温下稳定...     

大樱桃病害防治技术研究进展

大樱桃是我国北方优良早熟栽培果树之一,具有营养丰富,药用价值高等特点。近年来,随着栽培规模的逐年扩大,栽培管理技术滞后、树龄老化等问题愈见严重,导致樱桃在枝干、叶片、果实、根部均可受害,同时也会伴随病毒及生理病害的发生,是限制樱桃生产的重要因子,对樱桃生产造成巨大威胁。本研究在查阅大量相关文献报道的基础上,归纳总结出樱桃常见病害的病原菌、发病部位、病害症状以及防治措施,为大樱桃常见病害综合防止提供了理论依据,也为今后樱桃抗病品种的研究奠定了基础。     

The Direction Characterisitic of Stress Gradient in Crack Structure and Three-Dimensional Line-type Element

Analysis is given to the direction characteristic of stress gradient in crackstructure by using three-dimensional line-type element,The purpose is considerably to reduce theoperation of computation and improve the computation precision in finite element analysis.     

镁水平对不同类型土壤大豆生长、养分吸收以及产量的影响

在温室条件下,采用土壤盆栽方法研究了镁施用水平对3种不同类型土壤大豆生长、养分吸收以及籽粒产量的影响。试验结果表明,施用60mg/kg镁肥对3种不同类型土壤大豆种植生长,籽粒、茎秆和根部中氮、磷、钾和镁养分吸收量,以及籽粒产量都具有显著的影响。当镁肥施用量为60mg/kg土时,种植在褐土性土、栗褐土和潮褐土土壤上的大豆籽粒产量分别比对照增产15.53％、11.48％和15.52％。当镁肥施用量增加到180mg/kg土时,潮土的大豆籽粒产量比对照增产19.83％,而其它两种土壤大豆籽粒产量没有明显增加。从3种不同类型土壤对施用镁肥的响应来看,潮土表现好于栗褐土和褐土性土。本研究表明,在合理施用氮、磷和钾肥基础上配合施用适当的镁肥对交换性镁含量相对较高的土壤仍有一定的增产潜力。     

益智果实挥发油化学成分及抑菌活性研究

对海南典型野生分布的益智群落,随机选取27个居群为研究对象,提取果实挥发油并用GC-MS技术分析其化学成分。结果表明,益智果实挥发油最大产率0.153%,最小产率为0.003%,平均产率为0.088%;27份挥发油样品共鉴定出102个化合物,其中样品间共有化合物65个,非共有化合物37个;化合物主要以萜类和含氧衍生物为主。抑菌活性试验表明,其中2份挥发油样品对金黄色葡萄球菌有一定的抑制作用,通过相关性分析发现α-紫穗槐烯,石竹烯,香橙烯,乙酸香茅酯,榄香烯,大根香叶烯,愈创木烯和榄香醇这8种化合物与抑制金黄色葡萄球菌相关显著或极显著。     

鸡蛋壳资源的再开发及研究进展

鸡蛋壳具有重要的经济和社会价值。有效利用鸡蛋壳,不仅可以增加社会财富,而且可以保护环境。但我国现在每年仍有大量的鸡蛋壳没有得到充分利用。综述了鸡蛋壳的物理吸附作用、化学组分等方面的应用研究进展。     

Evaluation of soybean germplasm conserved in NIAS genebank and development of mini core collections

Genetic variation and population structure among 1603 soybean accessions, consisted of 832 Japanese landraces, 109 old and 57 recent Japanese varieties, 341 landrace from 16 Asian countries and 264 wild soybean accessions, were characterized using 191 SNP markers. Although gene diversity of Japanese soybean germplasm was slight lower than that of exotic soybean germplasm, population differentiation and clustering analyses indicated clear genetic differentiation among Japanese cultivated soybeans, exotic cultivated soybeans and wild soybeans. Nine hundred ninety eight Japanese accessions were separated to a certain extent into groups corresponding to their agro-morphologic characteristics such as photosensitivity and seed characteristics rather than their geographical origin. Based on the assessment of the SNP markers and several agro-morphologic traits, accessions that retain gene diversity of the whole collection were selected to develop several soybean sets of different sizes using an heuristic approach; a minimum of 12 accessions can represent the observed gene diversity; a mini-core collection of 96 accession can represent a major proportion of both geographic origin and agro-morphologic trait variation. These selected sets of germplasm will provide an effective platform for enhancing soybean diversity studies and assist in finding novel traits for crop improvement.     

Effect of hardening on frost tolerance and fatty acid composition of leaves and stems of a set of faba bean (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vicia faba</Emphasis> L.) genotypes

Frost tolerance is a main component of winter-hardiness and improving it would promote faba bean (Vicia faba L.) cropping in cool-temperate regions. In many species, leaf fatty acid composition was found to be related to frost tolerance. The objective of this study was to determine, in a representative sample of genotypes, the effect of hardening on leaf and stem (1) frost tolerance and (2) fatty acid composition, and to seek correlations between them. First leaf, second leaf and stem of 31 faba bean genotypes were analyzed after hardening and without hardening. High frost tolerance of known winter genotypes and several experimental lines was shown. Hardening had a significant, positive effect on frost tolerance of all three organs. Stems were on average more frost tolerant than leaves. Hardening induced significant changes in the fatty acid composition: oleic acid decreased significantly in leaves by 3.24% and in stems by 1.77%, whereas linolenic acid increased in leaves by 6.28% and in stems by 9.06%. In stems, correlations between frost tolerance and fatty acid composition were not significant. Correlation coefficients strongly indicated that non-hardened oleic acid content, changes in oleic acid and in linoleic plus linolenic acid content in leaves partly explained their frost tolerance; 0.347 (P < 0.1) < |r| < 0.543 (P < 0.01). The results corroborate the importance of using genetic differences in the fatty acid metabolism in breeding grain legumes for frost tolerance.     

烟碱含量的影响因素及其调控技术

针对近几年来烟草生产上一直存在的烟叶尤其是上部烟叶烟碱含量偏高，烟叶可用性降低的问题，通过分析品种，气候、土壤、海拔等生态因素以及氮、磷、钾等营养元素，移栽期、种植密度、打顶、留叶数、生长调节剂等栽培措施对烟碱含量的影响。提出了①培育烟碱含量适宜品种；②烟叶种植向生态适宜区转移；③适量施用氮磷肥、平衡施用微量元素；④合理确定移栽期、打顶密度和留叶数；⑤采用生长调节剂；⑥超临界CO2萃取降低烟碱；⑦微生物降解烟碱等降低烟碱，提高烟叶可用性的技术措施