渭河咸阳段非饱和层状沉积物中水分分布特征

层状结构是河流相松散沉积物中最常见的沉积结构,通常表现出一些特有的水力学性质,对水分运动过程及沉积物的持水性能产生影响.本文通过对渭河陕西咸阳段河漫滩一个层状沉积物剖面的含水率分布特征进行原位观测,讨论层状沉积物中含水率的分布特征,及其与粒度和毛细壁垒效应的关系.结果表明:在以水平层理和交错层理为主的粗细相间的层状河流沉积物中,天然含水率也呈干润相间的层状分布特征,各层含水率的大小主要与粒度成负相关;沉积物粗细相间的层状分布为毛细壁垒的形成提供条件,在降雨入渗和土壤水蒸发过程中,毛细壁垒效应对水分运动的控制会导致细粒层中含水率高于粗粒层.层状松散沉积物中水分的这种分布规律,为理解土壤持水性能提供了新的思路,对研究土壤含水率与降雨入渗、蒸发等水文过程的关系具有重要意义.     

白龙江中游泥石流冲积扇坡耕地开发潜力分析

泥石流冲积扇是山区难能可贵的相对平坦土地资源,对其进行开发利用对山区农业经济的发展具有重要意义。以白龙江中游泥石流冲积扇坡耕地为研究对象,通过野外考察,结合室内Quick Bird 10m分辨率卫星影像解译,选取冲积扇面积、灌溉水源、泥石流频率、防治措施、已开发比例5个评价因子,对白龙江中游泥石流冲积扇坡耕地的分布、开发利用现状、开发潜力进行了分析和评价。结果表明:一是白龙江中游172个泥石流冲积扇总面积约为30.0km2,占河谷平坦地面积的52.07%;二是泥石流冲积扇在白龙江干热河谷所占的面积相当大,开发潜力高的泥石流冲积扇坡耕地有90个,占总数的52.3%。由此可见,整个白龙江中游区泥石流冲积扇具有很好的开发潜力,其中以沙湾-固水子段的开发潜力最高。     

Chemical fractions and response of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) to soil applied boron

The present study was conducted with an objective to estimate the distribution of boron (B) application in various soil fractions and their plant response for assessing the availability in the soil. Two soils (alluvial and red soil) and five levels of B (0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 3?mg B kg^?1 soil) were applied in the pot experiment, and pots were sown with cauliflower (Sabour Agrim) arranged in a completely randomized block design (CRD) with three replications. Result showed that the curd yield of cauliflower increased significantly upto 2?mg B kg^?1 soil irrespective of soils. The percent yield increase was 14.78 and 15.01 in alluvial and red soil over the control, respectively. The initial total B content was 35.88 (alluvial soil) and 15.51 (red soil) mg·kg^?1. The mean content of Fraction I, II, III, IV and V in alluvial soil was 1.11, 1.54, 0.65, 1.49, and 95.18% and in red soil was 2.68, 4.47, 6.62, 2.50, and 83.59% of the total soil B, respectively. For changes in amount of B fractions due to B applications there was significant effect on all the fractions except Fraction II. The increase in apparent B uptake was 0.43?mg B kg^?1 in alluvial soil and 0.25?mg B kg^?1 in red soil over the control (0?mg B kg^?1 soil). Regression equation of yield and B fractions showed the relationship between first four fractions to the yield. Residual fraction was found to be collinear during calculation. Overall the study predicted the bioavailability and dynamics of B in the two distinct soils.     

Relationship between mineral composition or soil texture and available silicon in alluvial paddy soils on the Shounai Plain,Japan

Abstract

To evaluate the relationship between the amount of available Silicon (Si) in paddy soils and their mineral properties on the Shounai Plain in Japan, which is formed from several parent materials, we evaluated the amount of available Si, the particle size distribution, the oxide composition of crystalline minerals and the amount of oxalate-extractable Si (Si_o), iron (Fe_o) and aluminum (Al_o) in the soil. The amount of available Si in the soil and the oxide content of the crystalline minerals differed among four soil groups that were distinguished by their clay mineral composition. There was no difference in the particle size distribution among the soil groups. The amount of available Si was positively related to the SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio of clay, the CaO concentration of silt and fine sand, and the amounts of Si_o, Fe_o and Al_o in the soil. The amount of available Si in the soils was negative correlated with the Na₂O and K₂O concentrations of silt, the K₂O concentration of fine sand, and the coarse sand content. These results suggest that the amount of available Si in soils is affected by the weathering resistivity of their minerals and that the particle size distribution and mineral composition are related to the available Si of the soils. Mineralogical properties, including the particle size distribution and mineral composition such as the SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio × clay fraction content and the amounts of CaO and MgO in silt-sized particles, were positively correlated with the amount of available Si in the soil, but these correlations were not found for fine sand-sized particles. The Si_o, Fe_o and SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio × clay fraction contents contributed approximately 50% to the amount of available Si in the soils. The amount of available Si in the soil was divided into two groups according to the location of the paddy field. The amount of soil-available Si in the alluvial plain was affected by the geology upstream through the mineral composition.     

2种草本植物根系对长汀县崩岗洪积扇土壤水分状况的影响

植被恢复是防治崩岗侵蚀的重要方法,为研究植物根系对崩岗洪积扇土壤水分状况的影响,以崩岗洪积扇上种植的深根系巨菌草和浅根系宽叶雀稗为研究对象,对其分层取样后,用环刀法测定土壤的密度、孔隙度和最大持水量等物理性质,计算土壤蓄水能力,并用WinRHIZO根系分析系统,测定根长和密度等参数.结果表明:巨菌草和宽叶雀稗的各根系特征指标,均随土层深度的增加而减小,巨菌草各根系指标均大于宽叶雀稗;有植被覆盖下的土壤密度均小于裸地,植被覆盖下土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度均大于裸地,且随土层深度的增加而减小;有植被根系的土壤饱和蓄水量和毛管蓄水量均比裸地高,且与裸地差异显著;在土壤表层,宽叶雀稗增加土壤孔隙性和土壤保水能力大于巨菌草,而在土壤中深层,则巨菌草大于宽叶雀稗;根系改善土壤性质的能力,主要取决于其根长密度和根系总表面积,直径小于0.5mm的根系是影响土壤水分的最主要因子.研究植物根系对改良土壤水分状况的影响,以期为崩岗侵蚀防治中植被种类的筛选和推广提供依据.     

不同施肥处理条件下苗圃潮土硝态氮垂向运移特征

针对我国北方典型潮土区苗圃育苗过程中水肥利用效率不高的现状,选取北京市昌平区速生杨种苗培育基地为研究对象,开展不同施肥处理条件下0-100cm土壤剖面氮素养分垂向运移过程的田间定位监测试验。监测结果表明,3种施肥处理条件下的0-100cm土壤剖面中各土层硝态氮含量以表层土体为最高,由表层向底层土壤硝态氮含量呈逐渐减小的趋势,其中处理3条件下0-100cm土壤剖面中硝态氮含量均高于处理1条件和处理2条件下的;0-100cm土壤剖面硝态氮平均累积总量排序依次为处理3>处理2>处理1,其中处理3条件下土壤硝态氮平均累积总量高达307.85kg/hm2,表明过量施肥导致土壤中硝态氮大量累积,使得硝态氮极易随土壤渗漏水下移淋失。研究结果进一步揭示了北方典型潮土土壤水、硝态氮淋失的垂向迁移与渗漏损失机制,可为制定科学的苗木施肥方案、提高肥料的利用效率、完善林木抚育管理技术等提供有力的理论支撑和科学指导。     

户县秦岭山前冲积平原区生态环境调查

通过对户县秦岭山前冲击平原区生态环境的系统调查,认为该区生态环境的演变深深地打上了人类活动的印痕。建国以来经历了1996年以前的田园风光时期,"文革"过程中的生态环境退化及商品经济大潮下的环境恶化三个发展阶段。生态环境的恶化固然有自然演变的因素存在,但是,个人行为,尤其是政府行为主导的不合理地开发活动是导致生态环境恶化的主要因素。     

一株固氮解磷菌的筛选鉴定及其对花生的促生作用研究

本研究从南京板桥镇的灰潮土中,筛选出了一株高效固氮解磷菌,命名为JX14,其固氮酶活性达C2H438.9 nmol/(h·ml),对磷酸三钙的转化量达96.19 mg/L。通过形态观察、生理生化特征及16S r DNA基因序列分析,确定JX14为贪噬菌属(Variovorax sp.)。在温室条件下进行花生盆栽试验,结果表明,接种JX14菌株的处理,土壤NH4+-N、NO3–-N、矿质氮含量较不接菌处理分别提高了1.08、1.18、1.16倍,土壤有效磷含量提高了18.14%。花生根系总长、表面积、体积以及根尖数,较对照分别提高了1.61、1.28、1.37、1.12倍,花生根系变得更长更粗并且具有更多的分支,增强了根对土壤中营养元素的吸收,花生地上部鲜重、株高显著提高了44.78%、14.10%,花生全氮磷钾含量分别显著提高了35.14%、171.43%、133.33%。该结果为植物促生菌JX14在农业生产上的应用提供了理论依据和研究基础。     

Use of Two-Surface Langmuir-Type Equations for Assessment of Phosphorus Requirements of Lentil on Differently Textured Alluvial Soils

If soil solution phosphorus (P) optimum levels for plant growth (external P) are known, P adsorption isotherms or their equations could further be used to assess how much fertilizer P may be needed for optimum plants yield (QFPN) by adjusting this known external solution P requirement in the soil (ESPR). Surface soil samples were collected from a farmer's field area and research area. An adsorption study was conducted on Ustic Endoaquerts (S₁ soil), Typic Calciargids (S₂ soil), and Typic Torripsamments (S₃ soil) to develop the two-surface Langmuir-type equations. Phosphorus adsorption data were obtained by equilibrating 10-g soil samples in 100 mL of 0.01 M calcium chloride (CaCl₂) containing various amounts of monopotassium phosphate (KH₂PO₄). Thereafter, 11 P fertilizer rates were calculated by two-surface Langmuir-type equations to adjust different estimated soil solution P levels (EPAS) that were designated as treatments (0.05 to 0.90 mg L^?1). Then field experiments on lentil (cv. Niab Masoor 2002) were conducted according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) on these soils to determine internal (plant tissue), external (soil solution), and fertilizer P requirements. Maximum lentil seed yield (Mg ha^?1) was 0.87 with T₄ (0.17 mg P L^?1) in S₁ soil, 1.8 with T₃ (0.20 mg P L^?1) in S₂ soil, and 0.73 with T₇ (0.28 mg P L^?1) in S₃ soil, obtained by applying 170 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 in S₁ soil, 110 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 in S₂ soil, and 78 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 in S₃ soil. Internal P concentrations (%) of the whole plant associated with 95% of maximum lentil seed yield at flowering stage were 0.245, 0.210, and 0.315 in S₁, S₂, and S₃ soils, respectively. Internal P requirements of lentil seed were 0.290 in S₁, 0.245% in S₂, and 0.380% in S₃ soil. The ESPRs for 95% of maximum yield of lentil were 0.16 mg L^?1, in S₁ soil, 0.23 mg L^?1 in S₂ soil, and 0.27 mg L^?1 in S₃ soil. The QFPN estimated from graphs corresponding to these ESPR values were 160 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 in S₁ soil, 125 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 in S₂ soil, and 74 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 in S₃ soil. The QFPNs estimated from corresponding two-surface Langmuir-type equation by using respective ESPR values were 164, 127, and 75 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 in S₁, S₂, and S₃ soil, respectively. Field-applied P₂O₅ amounts to adjust soil solution P levels (mg L^?1) at 0.166 (T₄), 0.229 (T₄), and 0.281 (T₇) were 170, 126, and 78 kg ha^?1 in S₁, S₂, and S₃ soil, respectively. Based on the results of these studies, we propose that QFPNs estimated by graphs against identified ESPR values or calculated by the use of corresponding two-surface Langmuir-type equations are in close proximity to the field-applied P to adjust desired EPAS value. Therefore, either of the two techniques may be used to estimate QFPN for optimum lentil yield. Close     

不同母质发育土壤添加砷对水稻生长发育的影响

以湖南3种典型母质发育的水稻土,即第四纪红土发育的红黄泥、花岗岩风化物发育的麻沙泥和河流冲积物发育的河沙泥为供试土壤,通过添加砷(0、5、10、20、30 mg/kg)进行盆栽试验,研究砷对早稻生长发育、产量及水稻吸收累积砷的影响。结果表明:添加砷5~10 mg/kg,对所测水稻的生长发育各指标均无显著影响;添加砷20~30 mg/kg,除麻沙泥添砷30 mg/kg分蘖数稍有降低(无统计学意义)外,其他处理水稻的分蘖数及稻谷产量较对照均显著下降,其中河沙泥绝收无籽实,红黄泥稻谷减产47.2%~84.8%,麻沙泥减产24.8%~48.6%;随土壤添砷增加,各处理稻秆和精米总砷含量均增加,添砷≥20 mg/kg,3种水稻土秸秆砷和精米总砷含量较对照增长均超过100%,其中均以河沙泥的增幅最大,但精米总砷含量未超过国家粮食总砷标准(0.7 mg/kg,GB4810—1994)。相关性分析表明,水稻株高、分蘖数及稻谷干质量等与土壤有效砷含量呈极显著负相关。3种水稻土中以河沙泥砷的污染毒害最大。