Channel change and vegetation diversity on a low‐angle alluvial fan,River Feshie,Scotland

1. The River Feshie, a wandering gravel‐bed river, has a prominent alluvial fan at its confluence with the River Spey forming a site of high conservation importance. The River Feshie is the best example of a relatively natural highly active gravel‐bed river in the UK and the fan also contains one of the few remnants of Scotland's original floodplain forest cover. 2. Channel switching and changes in gravel‐bar morphology are a characteristic feature of this river. In recent years the river occupied a central position within the alluvial fan, until a major shift in the position of the channel to the southern sector of the fan occurred in 1990. However, riparian owners restored the flow to the original channel. In 1996, following this study, the channel again shifted course. This time no restoration of flow to the original course of the channel occurred and the river now follows a more northerly course. The old course is thus currently devoid of flow and pioneer species are starting to colonize the gravels. 3. The natural vegetation on the alluvial fan and islands along the River Spey are a mosaic of grassland, partially vegetated gravel bars and woodland, the mosaic reflecting both channel and fan morphology and dynamics. Highest species diversity was on the riverine islands, followed by the woodland and grassland respectively. In total 129 plant species were recorded and identified within the area. 4. In recent years there have been proposals to alter the location of the River Feshie and confine it to a more stable channel. In association with these channel works, dredging of the River Spey at the Feshie confluence would also be undertaken. These proposals prompted the research presented within this paper, and the results illustrate that the implementation of river training would lead to a loss of the site's unique character and vegetation diversity. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一株固氮解磷菌的筛选鉴定及其对花生的促生作用研究

本研究从南京板桥镇的灰潮土中,筛选出了一株高效固氮解磷菌,命名为JX14,其固氮酶活性达C2H438.9 nmol/(h·ml),对磷酸三钙的转化量达96.19 mg/L。通过形态观察、生理生化特征及16S r DNA基因序列分析,确定JX14为贪噬菌属(Variovorax sp.)。在温室条件下进行花生盆栽试验,结果表明,接种JX14菌株的处理,土壤NH4+-N、NO3–-N、矿质氮含量较不接菌处理分别提高了1.08、1.18、1.16倍,土壤有效磷含量提高了18.14%。花生根系总长、表面积、体积以及根尖数,较对照分别提高了1.61、1.28、1.37、1.12倍,花生根系变得更长更粗并且具有更多的分支,增强了根对土壤中营养元素的吸收,花生地上部鲜重、株高显著提高了44.78%、14.10%,花生全氮磷钾含量分别显著提高了35.14%、171.43%、133.33%。该结果为植物促生菌JX14在农业生产上的应用提供了理论依据和研究基础。     

Use of Two-Surface Langmuir-Type Equations for Assessment of Phosphorus Requirements of Lentil on Differently Textured Alluvial Soils

If soil solution phosphorus (P) optimum levels for plant growth (external P) are known, P adsorption isotherms or their equations could further be used to assess how much fertilizer P may be needed for optimum plants yield (QFPN) by adjusting this known external solution P requirement in the soil (ESPR). Surface soil samples were collected from a farmer's field area and research area. An adsorption study was conducted on Ustic Endoaquerts (S₁ soil), Typic Calciargids (S₂ soil), and Typic Torripsamments (S₃ soil) to develop the two-surface Langmuir-type equations. Phosphorus adsorption data were obtained by equilibrating 10-g soil samples in 100 mL of 0.01 M calcium chloride (CaCl₂) containing various amounts of monopotassium phosphate (KH₂PO₄). Thereafter, 11 P fertilizer rates were calculated by two-surface Langmuir-type equations to adjust different estimated soil solution P levels (EPAS) that were designated as treatments (0.05 to 0.90 mg L^?1). Then field experiments on lentil (cv. Niab Masoor 2002) were conducted according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) on these soils to determine internal (plant tissue), external (soil solution), and fertilizer P requirements. Maximum lentil seed yield (Mg ha^?1) was 0.87 with T₄ (0.17 mg P L^?1) in S₁ soil, 1.8 with T₃ (0.20 mg P L^?1) in S₂ soil, and 0.73 with T₇ (0.28 mg P L^?1) in S₃ soil, obtained by applying 170 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 in S₁ soil, 110 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 in S₂ soil, and 78 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 in S₃ soil. Internal P concentrations (%) of the whole plant associated with 95% of maximum lentil seed yield at flowering stage were 0.245, 0.210, and 0.315 in S₁, S₂, and S₃ soils, respectively. Internal P requirements of lentil seed were 0.290 in S₁, 0.245% in S₂, and 0.380% in S₃ soil. The ESPRs for 95% of maximum yield of lentil were 0.16 mg L^?1, in S₁ soil, 0.23 mg L^?1 in S₂ soil, and 0.27 mg L^?1 in S₃ soil. The QFPN estimated from graphs corresponding to these ESPR values were 160 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 in S₁ soil, 125 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 in S₂ soil, and 74 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 in S₃ soil. The QFPNs estimated from corresponding two-surface Langmuir-type equation by using respective ESPR values were 164, 127, and 75 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 in S₁, S₂, and S₃ soil, respectively. Field-applied P₂O₅ amounts to adjust soil solution P levels (mg L^?1) at 0.166 (T₄), 0.229 (T₄), and 0.281 (T₇) were 170, 126, and 78 kg ha^?1 in S₁, S₂, and S₃ soil, respectively. Based on the results of these studies, we propose that QFPNs estimated by graphs against identified ESPR values or calculated by the use of corresponding two-surface Langmuir-type equations are in close proximity to the field-applied P to adjust desired EPAS value. Therefore, either of the two techniques may be used to estimate QFPN for optimum lentil yield. Close     

渭河咸阳段非饱和层状沉积物中水分分布特征

层状结构是河流相松散沉积物中最常见的沉积结构,通常表现出一些特有的水力学性质,对水分运动过程及沉积物的持水性能产生影响.本文通过对渭河陕西咸阳段河漫滩一个层状沉积物剖面的含水率分布特征进行原位观测,讨论层状沉积物中含水率的分布特征,及其与粒度和毛细壁垒效应的关系.结果表明:在以水平层理和交错层理为主的粗细相间的层状河流沉积物中,天然含水率也呈干润相间的层状分布特征,各层含水率的大小主要与粒度成负相关;沉积物粗细相间的层状分布为毛细壁垒的形成提供条件,在降雨入渗和土壤水蒸发过程中,毛细壁垒效应对水分运动的控制会导致细粒层中含水率高于粗粒层.层状松散沉积物中水分的这种分布规律,为理解土壤持水性能提供了新的思路,对研究土壤含水率与降雨入渗、蒸发等水文过程的关系具有重要意义.     

户县秦岭山前冲积平原区生态环境调查

通过对户县秦岭山前冲击平原区生态环境的系统调查,认为该区生态环境的演变深深地打上了人类活动的印痕。建国以来经历了1996年以前的田园风光时期,"文革"过程中的生态环境退化及商品经济大潮下的环境恶化三个发展阶段。生态环境的恶化固然有自然演变的因素存在,但是,个人行为,尤其是政府行为主导的不合理地开发活动是导致生态环境恶化的主要因素。     

不同母质发育土壤添加砷对水稻生长发育的影响

以湖南3种典型母质发育的水稻土,即第四纪红土发育的红黄泥、花岗岩风化物发育的麻沙泥和河流冲积物发育的河沙泥为供试土壤,通过添加砷(0、5、10、20、30 mg/kg)进行盆栽试验,研究砷对早稻生长发育、产量及水稻吸收累积砷的影响。结果表明:添加砷5~10 mg/kg,对所测水稻的生长发育各指标均无显著影响;添加砷20~30 mg/kg,除麻沙泥添砷30 mg/kg分蘖数稍有降低(无统计学意义)外,其他处理水稻的分蘖数及稻谷产量较对照均显著下降,其中河沙泥绝收无籽实,红黄泥稻谷减产47.2%~84.8%,麻沙泥减产24.8%~48.6%;随土壤添砷增加,各处理稻秆和精米总砷含量均增加,添砷≥20 mg/kg,3种水稻土秸秆砷和精米总砷含量较对照增长均超过100%,其中均以河沙泥的增幅最大,但精米总砷含量未超过国家粮食总砷标准(0.7 mg/kg,GB4810—1994)。相关性分析表明,水稻株高、分蘖数及稻谷干质量等与土壤有效砷含量呈极显著负相关。3种水稻土中以河沙泥砷的污染毒害最大。     

低分子有机酸对淹水土壤磷释放动力学的影响

采用室内模拟淹水方法研究了不同浓度的草酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸对三峡库区典型土壤-紫色潮土磷释放动力学的影响.研究结果表明：3种有机酸能明显促进土壤磷的释放,不同有机酸活化土壤磷的能力大小为草酸＞柠檬酸＞酒石酸;土壤磷释放与有机酸浓度的关系,可用一次线性方程来描述,根据所建立的模型可对不同浓度、不同种类有机酸影响消落区土壤水污染风险进行定量评估.淹水过程中有机酸对土壤磷的释放量与土壤铁的释放量之间呈显著正相关,不同有机酸在浓度为10 mmol/L时对Fe的释放能力的大小为柠檬酸＞草酸＞酒石酸.有机酸影响土壤磷的释放是酸溶解作用和与金属离子络合反应共同作用的结果.淹水可使上覆水pH值逐渐上升.加入有机酸能显著降低土壤pH,原因是其质子的离解.微酸性或微碱性都有利于磷释放,中性条件下,土壤磷的吸附能力增强,释放能力减弱.     

四种生物炭对潮土土壤微生物群落结构的影响

为探究生物炭对土壤微生物群落结构的影响,以花生壳生物炭(PBC)、玉米秆生物炭(MBC)、杨木屑生物炭(ABC)和竹屑生物炭(BBC)为试验材料,每种生物炭分别以0、20.0、40.0、80.0、160.0 g·kg~(-1)的浓度添加到供试潮土中,经过45 d的室内培养后用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)法分析土壤中微生物群落结构。研究结果表明:施用PBC、MBC和ABC对土壤总微生物总量、土壤细菌量有促进作用,但其增加幅度随生物炭浓度的升高呈现降低趋势,而添加BBC则会显著降低土壤微生物总量、土壤细菌量;PBC、MBC、ABC和BBC对土壤真菌细菌比有显著的促进作用;适量添加生物炭(20.0、40.0、80.0 g·kg~(-1))会增加真菌量,但大量(160 g·kg~(-1))添加PBC、BBC会显著降低真菌量。施入生物炭后,生物炭自身特殊理化性质和土壤理化性质如酸碱度、土壤电导率、比表面积、孔径等的变化是导致土壤微生物群落变化的主要原因;适量施加ABC、PBC相比于BBC、MBC更有利于潮土土壤微生物群落结构的发展。     

天然沸石对磷在潮土中有效性的影响

为了寻求提高磷在土壤中有效性的途径,本文以恒温振荡试验研究了天然沸石对水溶性磷在潮土中吸附、解吸的影响。结果表明,磷在天然沸石中的吸附率是在潮土中的39.2%,而吸附磷的解吸率比后者增加了63.2%。在天然沸石用量为2.5 g时,天然沸石显著地增加了潮土中磷的吸附和解吸,且天然沸石先于磷肥施入潮土处理的磷吸附率低于磷肥先于天然沸石施入潮土的处理,磷解吸率呈相反的变化。天然沸石对提高潮土保磷供磷能力具有较强的应用潜力。     

不同施肥处理条件下苗圃潮土硝态氮垂向运移特征

针对我国北方典型潮土区苗圃育苗过程中水肥利用效率不高的现状,选取北京市昌平区速生杨种苗培育基地为研究对象,开展不同施肥处理条件下0-100cm土壤剖面氮素养分垂向运移过程的田间定位监测试验。监测结果表明,3种施肥处理条件下的0-100cm土壤剖面中各土层硝态氮含量以表层土体为最高,由表层向底层土壤硝态氮含量呈逐渐减小的趋势,其中处理3条件下0-100cm土壤剖面中硝态氮含量均高于处理1条件和处理2条件下的;0-100cm土壤剖面硝态氮平均累积总量排序依次为处理3>处理2>处理1,其中处理3条件下土壤硝态氮平均累积总量高达307.85kg/hm2,表明过量施肥导致土壤中硝态氮大量累积,使得硝态氮极易随土壤渗漏水下移淋失。研究结果进一步揭示了北方典型潮土土壤水、硝态氮淋失的垂向迁移与渗漏损失机制,可为制定科学的苗木施肥方案、提高肥料的利用效率、完善林木抚育管理技术等提供有力的理论支撑和科学指导。