两种生物量模型的比较

CAR模型和VAR模型是生物量模型研究与应用中最常用的形式．用再抽样的方法，从模型参数的稳定性、模型的预估能力分析、比较了两类模型，结果得出：CAR模型不仅参数估计值稳定,而且预估能力强。     

干旱和灌溉条件下少花蒺藜草分株生物量分配特征

调查了生长在科尔沁沙地干早、灌溉2个条件下的少花蒺藜草(Cenchrus pauciflorus)分蘖丛.对分株高度、分株生物量以及根、茎、叶、穗、叶鞘等构件生物量进行了定量统计分析.结果显示,灌溉条件下,植株高度为41.2 cm.明显高于干旱条件的33.7 cm.灌溉条件下果穗生物量是干旱环境下的1.8倍.2种条件下...     

Relationship between metabolic rate in vitro and body mass in a marine teleost,porgy Pagrus major

The rate of oxygen consumption of minced whole body was determined volumetrically, as an indication of metabolic rate in vitro (M _{in vitro} ), at 20°C in porgy Pagrus major ranging from 0.0002 g (just after hatch) to 2.9 g (67 days old) in body mass. A triphasic relationship was found between M _{in vitro} of individual fish (l.min^–1) and wet body mass W (g). During the prolarval stage accompanied with the transitional period to the postlarval stage (0.00020–0.00023 g, 0–6 days old), the mass-specific metabolic rate in vitro (M _{in vitro} /W in l.g^–1.min^–1) increased with age (D in days) as expressed by an equation M _{in vitro} /W = 3.88 + 0.74/D. During the postlarval stage (0.00031–0.003 g, 8–22 days old), M _{in vitro} /W remained almost constant, independent of body mass following an equation M _{in vitro} /W = 5.24 W^–0.085. During the juvenile and adolescent stages (0.0047–2.9 g, 30–67 days old), M _{in vitro} /W decreased with increasing body mass following an equation M _{in vitro} /W = 1.66 W^–0.235. These results correspond with the triphasic relationship between metabolism in vivo and body mass observed in intact porgy of 0.0002–270 g (Oikawa et al. 1991). It is concluded, therefore, that the dependence of mass-specific metabolic rate on body size exists in vitro as well as in vivo, during the early stages in the porgy. Based on these results, factors controlling the metabolism-size relationship are discussed.     

Aboveground biomass quantification and tree-level prediction models for the Brazilian subtropical Atlantic Forest

Forests are the largest biological reservoir of biomass and carbon on the planet. This fact turns them into the main tool to neutralise the CO₂ emitted by human activities. Despite such importance, the uncertainties associated with biomass estimates in forests, especially in (sub)tropical forests, are enormous. Facing this scenario, the objectives of this study were (1) to quantify through destructive sampling the aboveground biomass (AGB) of 105 trees of 47 species occurring in a secondary subtropical evergreen rainforest in Brazil; (2) to investigate the AGB distribution in different tree compartments; and (3) to fit tree-level models to improve biomass estimates for the referred forest type. The results revealed that most of the AGB was stored in the compartments stem and large branches (diameter ≥ 5 cm). There was an increase in the proportion of biomass – in relation to the total tree AGB (kg) – allocated in the large branches as tree diameter at breast height (DBH) increased; this pattern was not observed for the compartments stem, thin branches (diameter < 5 cm), and leaves. The compartments thin branches and leaves represented between 5.4% and 17.0%, and 1.3% and 2.9% of the total tree AGB, respectively. From the 10 fitted biomass models, the linearised power models yielded the smallest errors. The best performance model, which returned a mean bias of 1.7%, may be written as AGB = exp(?8.9807 + 2.1642·ln[DBH] + 0.5072·ln[h] + 0.9999·ln[ρ_bas]); Baskerville’s factor = 1.0175. If there are no (reliable) data on tree total height (h; m), the following model, which embedded the DBH and wood basic specific gravity (ρ_bas; kg m^?3), may be employed: AGB = exp(?9.0086 + 2.4606·ln[DBH] + 1.0895·ln[ρ_bas]); Baskerville’s factor = 1.0206.     

To catch a buffalo: field immobilisation of Asian swamp buffalo using etorphine and xylazine

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the efficacy of a mixture of etorphine and xylazine to safely immobilise wild buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in the field. METHODS: Body mass was estimated (to calculate mass-specific dosages) by deriving a predictive relationship between morphometric measurements (body length, height) and mass based on a dataset collected in Vietnam, because the study animals could not be weighed in the field. RESULTS: Mass-specific dosages varied between 0.02 and 0.03 mg/kg for etorphine and between 0.14 and 0.22 mg/kg for xyalazine; induction times varied between 10 and 33 min, mean recumbency time was 68 min, and the mean time to standing was 10 min (range: 10-17 min). CONCLUSIONS: The mixture of ethorphine and xylazine was effective for immobilisation of this species and appeared to have a relatively large safety margin, based on the mass-specific dosages used. The allometric relationships described here should prove useful for those working with wild swamp buffalo.     

Modelling the effect of crop and weed on herbicide efficacy in wheat

Recommended field application rates of herbicides have to give effective weed control in every situation and are, thus, often higher than that required for specific fields. An understanding of the interaction between crop:weed competition and herbicide dose may, in many cases, allow herbicide application rates to be reduced, important both environmentally and economically. We have developed a model of the interaction between crop:weed competition and herbicide dose, using an empirical model of the relationship between crop yield and weed biomass (related to weed density), and an empirical model of the relationship between weed biomass and herbicide dose. The combined model predicts crop yield, given herbicide dose and weed biomass at an interim assessment date. These crop yield loss predictions may be used to quantify the herbicide dose required to restrict yield loss to a given percentage. Parameters of the model were estimated and the model tested, using results from experiments, which used cultivated oats ( Avena sativa ) or oilseed rape ( Brassica napus ) as model weeds in a crop of winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum ).For the crop:weed:herbicide combinations investigated there was little increase in crop yield for herbicide dose rates above 20% of recommended field rates, in broad agreement with the model predictions. There may still be potential for further reduction below this level on economic grounds; the model could be used to estimate the `break-even' herbicide dose.     

林木结构—功能模型研究综述

林木结构—功能模型是指能明确表达由生理过程和环境因子调控的植物三维结构生长和变化的一类模型。它既考虑树木生长的结构发展, 又考虑树木的生理生态过程和环境之间的交互影响, 是目前植物建模领域的研究热点。文中从林木结构—功能模型构建方法入手, 以目前主要的几类结构—功能模型为例, 对组成树木结构的理想化基本单元、结构模型的建立及功能模型的同化物生产和传输分配模型进行了述评, 最后指出结构—功能模型存在的问题。     

Generalized allometric volume and biomass equations for some tree species in Europe

Since biomass is one of the key variables in ecosystem studies, widespread effort has aimed to facilitating its estimation. Numerous stand-specific volume and biomass equations are available, but these cannot be used for scaling up biomass to the regional level where several age-classes and structural types of stands coexist. Therefore simplified generalized volume and biomass equations are needed. In the present study, generalized biomass and volume regression equations were developed for the main tree species in Europe. These equations were based on data compiled from several published studies and are syntheses of the published equations. The results show that these generalized equations explain 64–99% of the variation in values predicted by the original published equations, with higher values for stem than for crown components.

Altitudinal patterns of stand structure and herb layer diversity of Picea schrenkiana forests in the central Tianshan Mountains,Northwest China

Altitude is a useful indicator to examine patterns of forest structure and species diversity in relation to environmental factors.In this study,the altitude patterns of forest stand structure and species diversity were analyzed across 20 plots in the Tianchi Nature Reserve,Northwest China.The results showed that mean stem height(Hm),maximum stem height(Hmax) and mean stem diameter at breast height(Dm) of Picea schrenkiana trees all decreased significantly with increasing altitude.Potential tree height(H*) decreased while stem taper increased significantly as altitude increased,suggesting remarkable altitudinal changes in biomass allocation between the diameter and height growth of Picea schrenkiana.Understory herbaceous richness increased significantly with increasing altitude,or with decreasing total basal area(TBA),Hm and stand volume(Volume).High light availability for understory herbs might account for the higher species richness at high altitude.Sorensen Index decreased significantly with the increase in altitude intervals,while the Cody Index demonstrated a converse pattern,suggesting greater differences in species composition with larger distances.     

松嫩平原不同生境芦苇生殖分株的异速生长分析

通过乳熟后期大样本随机取样,对松嫩平原季节性积水的单优种芦苇群落和旱地生境羊草+芦苇群落的芦苇生殖分株数量特征进行了定量分析。结果表明,2种生境除花序长和花序生物量外,分株高、构件生物量、分株生物量、生殖生长比率和构件生物量分配间均达到显著差异。2种生境绝对数量性状中花序生物量变异系数最高,分别为57.73%和49.87%;相对数量性状中生殖分配的变异系数最高,分别为36.17%和39.44%。株高与花序长呈正相关,但与生殖生长比率呈负相关趋势。在构件生物量分配关系中,生殖分配和生产分配、生产分配和茎生物量分配均呈极显著的幂函数异速生长关系。揭示了不同生境条件下芦苇较强的调节生殖分配能力,体现了植物个体生长与生殖策略。