固定化硝化细菌对氨氮的去除效果研究

[目的]探讨固定化硝化细菌对氨氮的去除效果。[方法]采用海藻酸钠-CaCl2和PVA-硼酸法2种固定化方法对实验室富集的硝化细菌进行了固定化,并优化了采用海藻酸钠-CaCl2制备的固定化硝化细菌去除自配水体中氨氮的条件。[结果]海藻酸钠-CaCl2固定硝化细菌去除氨氮的优化条件为:温度30℃,pH 7.5～8.5,曝气速率6.5 L/min。在优化条件下,浓度为330.0 mg/L的自配水体经过7d处理后氨氮全部被去除,去除率接近100%。[结论]为污水处理研究提供了理论依据。     

内源乳化法制备2;4-D/海藻酸钠/羽毛蛋白微球及其缓释性能

以海藻酸钠(Sodium Alginate,SA)和羽毛蛋白(Feather Protein,FP)为载体材料,2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)为模型药物,采用内源乳化法制备了2,4-D/SA/FP复合微球,并考察了羽毛蛋白与海藻酸钠的质量比、油水(体积)比、纳米碳酸钙用量对载药微球的形貌、载药性能和缓释性能的影响.结果表明,V(油)∶V(水)=3∶1,羽毛蛋白为海藻酸钠质量的30%,纳米碳酸钙用量为0.2 g时,所制得微球球形度较好,粒径分布较均匀,载药量为3.68%,具有良好的缓释性能.     

茚虫威降解菌海藻酸钠微球制剂研制及应用效果

[目的]以海藻酸钠为载体制备降解菌斯氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas stutzeri)ACCC 02521菌株微球制剂,确定该制剂降解农田土壤茚虫威的应用条件.[方法]通过微滴包埋成球法,将湿菌体重悬后加入海藻酸钠溶液,混匀后逐滴滴至CaCl2溶液造粒,低温固定后,以0.9％NaCl溶液洗涤,测定降解菌微球的传质性...     

氧化石墨烯改性海藻酸钠凝胶球的吸附性能

以海藻酸钠为基质、氧化石墨烯为改性添加剂,采用离子交换法制备了复合凝胶球,并将此凝胶球作为吸附剂,研究了吸附剂用量、pH值、温度和染料初始质量浓度对复合凝胶球去除水中亚甲基蓝染料的影响。结果表明:当吸附剂用量为4g、pH值为7、温度为45℃、亚甲基蓝初始质量浓度为40mg/L时,由Langmuir方程计算得凝胶球对亚甲基蓝的最大吸附容量为90.91mg/g。动力学研究表明,准二阶模型能够更好地拟合实验数据;等温吸附试验研究表明,Freundlich模型较好地拟合了实验数据;热力学研究表明该吸附过程是一个自发的吸热过程。凝胶球可循环再生,成本低廉,在染料废水治理方面有良好的应用前景。     

国产大豆低聚糖在点心面包中的应用研究

研究国产大豆低聚糖在点心面包中的应用。利用单因素实验设计研究大豆低聚糖的添加量,并测定面包的老化度以及水分活性和细菌总数之间的关系。结果表明,点心面包中的大豆低聚糖经发酵后损失不到10%,在24h内,加入大豆低聚糖的面包组与对照组比较其硬度有显著性差异(P<0.01),48h后几乎无差别(P>0.05),添加1.7%纯大豆低聚糖的点心面包,在贮存1～9d内,水分活性和细菌总数低于空白组,说明添加大豆低聚糖可延长产品的保值期。     

Effects of soybean oligosaccharides on lipid metabolism of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus Temminck et Schlegel) fed animal or plant protein source-based diets

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary soybean oligosaccharides (SBOS) on the levels of cholesterol in plasma and liver, and the fatty acid composition in muscle and liver of juvenile Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus Temminck et Schlegel). Four isonitrogenous and isocaloric practical diets (crude protein 49%, gross energy 19 kJ/g) including only fish meal (FM) or soy protein isolate (SPI) as sole dietary protein source with (Diets FMO and SPIO) or without (Diets FM and SPI) supplemented SBOS (stachyose, 2.61%; raffinose, 0.61%) were formulated. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate aquaria stocked with 30 fish (initial body weight 1.93 ± 0.02 g) each. Fish were maintained in the flow-through aquaria at water temperature ranging from 22.0°C to 25.0°C and fed twice (08:00, 16:00) daily to apparent satiation for 8 weeks. Dietary SBOS supplementation significantly increased the levels of total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in plasma of the fish fed FM-based diets (P < 0.05), but no significant differences were observed at the levels of plasma triacylglycerol (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio (P > 0.05). The levels of TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C, and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio in plasma of the fish fed SPI-based diets were not significantly influenced by the supplemented SBOS (P > 0.05). Supplementation of SBOS did not influence the hepatic TC, TG and lipid contents and lipid droplet accumulation in fish fed FM-based diets, but significantly decreased the hepatic TC, TG and lipid contents and lipid droplet accumulation in fish fed SPI-based diets (P < 0.05). In contrast, supplemented SBOS significantly increased fecal cholesterol extraction in the fish fed FM-based diets (P < 0.05), but no significant difference was observed in the fish fed SPI-based diets (P > 0.05). The fatty acid composition in muscle and liver was not significantly affected by supplemental SBOS regardless of dietary protein source (P > 0.05). These results indicate that dietary SBOS supplementation (stachyose, 2.61%; raffinose, 0.61%) does not negatively affect the lipid metabolism of the fish fed FM-based diets, but decrease the incidences of fatty liver of the fish fed SPI-based diets.     

Enhancing Stability and Mucoadhesive Properties of Chitosan Nanoparticles by Surface Modification with Sodium Alginate and Polyethylene Glycol for Potential Oral Mucosa Vaccine Delivery

Background: The present study aimed to fabricate surface-modified chitosan nanoparticles with two mucoadhesive polymers (sodium alginate and polyethylene glycol) to optimize their protein encapsulation efficiency, improve their mucoadhesion properties, and increase their stability in biological fluids. Method: Ionotropic gelation was employed to formulate chitosan nanoparticles and surface modification was performed at five different concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4% w/v) of sodium alginate (ALG) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), with ovalbumin (OVA) used as a model protein antigen. The functional characteristics were examined by dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Stability was examined in the presence of simulated gastric and intestinal fluids, while mucoadhesive properties were evaluated by in vitro mucin binding and ex vivo adhesion on pig oral mucosa tissue. The impact of the formulation and dissolution process on the OVA structure was investigated by sodium dodecyl-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and circular dichroism (CD). Results: The nanoparticles showed a uniform spherical morphology with a maximum protein encapsulation efficiency of 81%, size after OVA loading of between 200 and 400 nm and zeta potential from 10 to 29 mV. An in vitro drug release study suggested successful nanoparticle surface modification by ALG and PEG, showing gastric fluid stability (4 h) and a 96 h sustained OVA release in intestinal fluid, with the nanoparticles maintaining their conformational stability (SDS-PAGE and CD analyses) after release in the intestinal fluid. An in vitro mucin binding study indicated a significant increase in mucin binding from 41 to 63% in ALG-modified nanoparticles and a 27–49% increase in PEG-modified nanoparticles. The ex vivo mucoadhesion showed that the powdered particles adhered to the pig oral mucosa. Conclusion: The ALG and PEG surface modification of chitosan nanoparticles improved the particle stability in both simulated gastric and intestinal fluids and improved the mucoadhesive properties, therefore constituting a potential nanocarrier platform for mucosal protein vaccine delivery.     

Effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharides in early weaning diets on growth,survival, fatty acid composition and gut morphology of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata,L.) larvae

Early weaning of marine fish larvae with dry diets delays gut maturation and reduces growth rates. In juvenile and adult forms of several marine fish species, inclusion of dietary mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) improves gut integrity and functionality, but the effects of MOS inclusion in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.) larval diets have not been addressed yet. Thus, this study assesses the effects of dietary MOS inclusion on survival, growth performance, gut morphology, feed acceptance and quality of gilthead sea bream larvae. For that purpose, 16 days post‐hatched gilthead sea bream larvae were fed four graded levels of MOS (Biomos^®, Alltech, Nicholasville, KY, USA) in weaning diets as follows: 0 g kg^?1 MOS, 0.5 g kg^?1 MOS, 1.5 g kg^?1 MOS and 2 g kg^?1MOS. Dietary MOS did not affect feed acceptance in gilthead sea bream larvae (P > 0.05). MOS supplementation was correlated in a dose‐dependent way with higher larval survival (P = 0.026). After 15 days of feeding, dietary MOS increased whole larvae (P < 0.01) arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Gilthead sea bream larvae fed 2 g kg^?1 MOS presented higher gut occupation with goblet cells after feeding compared with larvae fed the other dietary treatments. Overall, the results suggest that inclusion of MOS in early weaning diets for gilthead sea bream improves essential fatty acid utilization and may promote growth and final survival.     

饲料添加半乳甘露寡糖对刺参幼参生长、体壁营养组成及免疫力的影响

以初始体质量为(1.79±0.06) g的刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)为研究对象, 进行为期8周养殖实验, 研究饲料中添加半乳甘露寡糖对刺参生长、消化、体壁营养组成及免疫力的影响。以基础饲料(E0)为对照组, 在基础饲料中分别添加0.2% (E1)、0.4% (E2)、0.8% (E3)、1.2% (E4)和1.6% (E5)的半乳甘露寡糖, 共配制5种实验饲料。结果表明: (1) 饲料中添加不同浓度的半乳甘露寡糖对幼参增重率及特定生长率具有显著影响, 各处理组均显著高于对照组(P<0.05), 而对脏壁比及肠壁比无显著影响(P>0.05), 1.2%(E4组)添加水平下, 刺参增重率及特定生长率最高。(2) 饲料中添加不同浓度的半乳甘露寡糖对幼参肠道蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶活力均无显著影响(P>0.05)。(3) 饲料中添加不同浓度的半乳甘露寡糖对幼参体壁酸性黏多糖及糖醛酸含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。添加半乳甘露寡糖比例0.2%(E1)、0.4%(E2)、0.8%(E3)、1.2%(E4)的处理组, 刺参体壁氨基酸总量及谷氨酸、甘氨酸、精氨酸含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05), 而1.6%(E5)组体壁氨基酸总量及Glu、Gly、Arg含量与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。(4) 饲料中添加半乳甘露寡糖对体壁及体腔液超氧化物歧化酶、碱性磷酸酶及溶菌酶活性具有显著影响(P<0.05), 同时对体腔细胞溶菌酶活性影响显著(P<0.05)。实验可以得到以下结论: (1) 饲料中添加半乳甘露寡糖不仅可以提高刺参免疫力, 并且可以提高特定生长率, 并改善体壁氨基酸组成; (2) 刺参饲料中半乳甘露寡糖的合适添加比例为1.2%。     

微粒化固体鱼油加工新工艺——喷雾定型固化法

本文介绍了微粒化固体鱼油加工新工艺——喷雾定型固化法的主要操作要点和注意事项,该工艺以食用褐藻酸钠作为鱼油的壁囊材料,用氯化钙溶液作为定型液,将均质的鱼油褐藻酸钠混合液用喷雾法喷入氯化钙溶液中定型,经水洗、烘干后得到微粒化固体鱼油。