养殖池塘中的浮游植物与水体小气候

本文根据南京郊区3～6月养殖池塘中浮游植物和水体小气候的观测分析,指出藻类的数量和光合产物与池塘的水体小气候环境有密切关系,而水体小气候环境又与当地的天气气候条件有密切联系。     

Temporal variance in lake communities: blue-green algae and the trophic cascade

Two examples, blue-green algal blooms and the fish-driven trophic cascade, illustrate important consequences of time scale dependency in lakes. Blue-green algae and fish populations are notably variable components of lake communities. The timing of colonization of the water column by blue-green algae, relative to population oscillations of grazers and other algal groups, determines the magnitude of subsequent blooms. Variability in colonization acts jointly with dynamic variability in herbivory to produce large fluctuations in blue-green algal concentration at time scales of weeks to years. Fishes exhibit high interannual variance in recruitment. Episodes of high recruitment cascade through lake food webs, inducing fluctuations in lower trophic levels at time scales of years to decades. Fishes, through their effects on herbivores, contribute to variability in blue-green algal blooms. Blue-green algae and fishes are foci of lake management, so analyses of their variable and scale-dependent interactions are important for applied limnology. Theories and models that address nonequilibrial dynamics, analyses of effects of time scale on correlations and experiments, and improved paleolimnological capabilities will yield valuable progress on temporal scale issues in limnology and ecology.     

针对刚毛藻的植物源抑制剂的筛选及工艺优化

刚毛藻(Cladophora sp.)凭借强大的环境适应性异常增殖现象在淡水和海洋浅水区普遍存在。探讨了不同配置、不同提取方式及不同质量浓度的植物浸提液对刚毛藻生长及光合系统的影响,以期为刚毛藻的防治提供科学依据。结果表明:银杏叶、柳树叶及两种落叶复配后的水提液均能对刚毛藻的生长表现出极显著抑制效果,其中银杏叶水提液的抑藻效果最好,96 h时的生长抑制率可达66.65 %。此外,银杏叶水提液对刚毛藻的光合系统也产生了较高的抑制作用,96 h时最大PSⅡ光能转换效率 F_v/F_m、实际光化学效率Yield及非光化学淬灭参数NPQ的抑制率分别达96.69 %、99.22 %和78.06 %。不同提取剂对银杏叶浸提液抑藻效果的实验结果表明,银杏叶乙醇浸提液和丙酮浸提液对刚毛藻的生长抑制作用强于氯仿及水浸提液,其中银杏叶乙醇浸提液对刚毛藻光合系统的抑制效果最好,48 h时F_v/F_m、Yield及快速光曲线初始斜率α值抑制率均可达99 %。进一步研究不同浓度梯度银杏叶乙醇浸提液抑藻效果显示,浸提液质量浓度与抑藻效果存在正相关,3.00 g/L和6.00 g/L质量浓度组对刚毛藻有显著的抑制效果(P<0.05),6.00 g/L质量浓度组96 h时的F_v/F_m、Yield、α值抑制率分别达到99.87 %、100 %和100 %。综上所述,以植物落叶为原料研制针对刚毛藻的抑藻剂是可行的。     

水体中悬浮泥沙对藻类生长的影响

藻类生长需要适当的光强,水体中悬浮物(如泥沙)的存在,势必对进入水体的光强产生抑制,从而影响藻类生长。通过实验研究了不同浓度和不同粒径的泥沙对藻类生长的影响,结果表明,适量的泥沙浓度反而使水体chla最大浓度比空白水体有所增大,100目粒径的泥沙对光线的阻隔作用最强。     

水环境食物资源对昭觉林蛙蝌蚪食性的影响

 分析采自2005年3~5月昭觉林蛙不同期蝌蚪食性,同步测定同一水塘藻类的种类和生物量。蝌蚪Ⅰ期时,水塘藻类有5门49属,蝌蚪食物中有藻类4门22属;蝌蚪Ⅱ期时,水塘藻类有5门49属,蝌蚪食物中有藻类5门31属;蝌蚪Ⅲ期时,水塘藻类有4门39属,蝌蚪的食物中有藻类4门14属。Mann Whitney U检验3期蝌蚪食物种类的差异性,Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期的食物种类在37属藻类中有21属差异极显著,有5属差异显著;Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期在33属藻类中有17属差异极显著,有7属差异显著;Ⅰ期和Ⅲ期在28属藻类有3属差异极显著,有1属差异显著。Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ期蝌蚪营养生态位宽度分别为8.229,17.217,9.463。单位体重摄食生物量百分率相似指数和营养生态位Levins重叠指数Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期分别为52.79%和0.760,Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期为50.77%和0.782,Ⅰ期和Ⅲ期为42.28%和0.677。Spearman rank 相关指数检验显示,3期蝌蚪食物组成与生境中的食物资源均显著相关,但相关系数呈逐渐减少趋势。蝌蚪食物组成差异性是由于水塘中藻类的变化引起的。选择指数表明,蓝纤维藻和四棘鼓藻为3期蝌蚪一直喜食食物。     

中街山列岛底栖海藻的资源调查

底栖海藻作为海藻资源的重要组成部分 ,既是海藻资源中最具开发潜力的群体 ,同时还作为岩相潮间带生态系重要的物质基础 ,在潮间带能量流动、物质循环和信息传递中发挥着极为重要的作用。中街山列岛作为舟山渔场的重要组成部分 ,其环境条件优越 ,是底栖海藻生长、繁衍的优良场所 ,蕴藏着较为丰富的底栖海藻资源。通过 1991- 1993年对中街山岛礁区渔业生态学研究、1992 - 1993年岱山县东部岛礁区渔业资源与渔业综合开发可行性研究 ,结合 1980 - 1985年中街山曼氏无针乌贼产卵场生态环境调查、1990 - 1991年舟山市海岛资源调查及相关文献[1-4]…     

Recreational scuba diving in a groundwater ecosystem: Disturbance mechanisms,ecological impacts and stakeholder perceptions

1. Ecological damage by scuba divers has been extensively studied in marine ecosystems, particularly coral reefs, whereas the impacts on freshwater environments such as groundwater springs is unknown. In the Silfra groundwater fissure in Iceland, a vast increase in diver entries has occurred during the last decade, prompting concerns over potential ecosystem impacts and visitor carrying capacity.
2. Here, a mixed‐method approach was used to assess the impacts of scuba diving in Silfra. (a) Divers were recorded under water to observe the mechanisms of diver‐related disturbances, (b) benthic material was collected along transects in Silfra and the undisturbed fissure Flosagjá to compare biofilm biomass and zoobenthic communities between and within fissures, and (c) the perceptions and experiences of stakeholders surrounding the dive tourism in Silfra were explored.
3. Underwater observations showed that 91.4% of the divers caused at least a single disturbance, resulting in biofilm detachments and/or sediment stirring. Diver fins caused the most frequent disturbances, predominantly through fin‐generated currents but also by directly contacting the substrate. Benthic biofilm biomass was lower in Silfra than Flosagjá and exhibited a negative correlation with dive‐use. Some disturbance‐tolerant zoobenthic groups exhibited moderate to strong correlations with dive‐use.
4. All stakeholders had negative perceptions towards increasing diver entries, but although entry limitation could improve tourism quality, disturbance might only minimally be reduced as springs like Silfra may be particularly sensitive.
5. Springs are characteristically stable and uniform environments that can be vulnerable to disturbance. Their use for scuba diving should be carefully managed through a holistic approach and an active collaboration between all stakeholders.

     

Co-occurrence of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, mortalities and microcystin toxin in a southeastern USA shrimp facility

Various freshwater and marine algal toxins are known to affect plants, fishes, mammals, and invertebrates. During recent mortality events in Texas white shrimp aquaculture ponds, water and shrimp tissue samples were analyzed for cyanobacterial toxins and found to contain microcystin-LR. Cyanoprokaryota dominated the phytoplankton assemblage in water from the affected pond, particularly Microcystis aeruginosa and Anabaena sp. Water samples from the affected pond also contained high levels of microcystin-LR (45 μg/l), whereas adjacent ponds had a diatom-green algal assemblage and no measurable toxin. Unialgal isolates of M. aeruginosa from the affected pond produced microcystin-LR. Free microcystin-LR concentrations in dead shrimp hepatopancreas determined by HPLC were 55 μg/g total shrimp weight, whereas shrimp hepatopancreas from the adjacent pond without shrimp mortalities had no measurable toxin. Muscle toxin concentration was below 0.1 μg/g.     

Neuroprotective effects of marine algae

The marine environment is known as a rich source of chemical structures with numerous beneficial health effects. Among marine organisms, marine algae have been identified as an under-exploited plant resource, although they have long been recognized as valuable sources of structurally diverse bioactive compounds. Presently, several lines of studies have provided insight into biological activities and neuroprotective effects of marine algae including antioxidant, anti-neuroinflammatory, cholinesterase inhibitory activity and the inhibition of neuronal death. Hence, marine algae have great potential to be used for neuroprotection as part of pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and functional foods. This contribution presents an overview of marine algal neuroprotective effects and their potential application in neuroprotection.