Tree Planting in an Urbanizing South Africa / BOOMAANPLANTING IN VERSTEDELIKENDE SUID-AFRIKA

The title of this paper might well read “Tree planting in an urbanizing and industrializing South Africa”, because in modern South Africa industry is prominent in the urban scene. The importance of trees in the urban landscape is stressed. Purposes for which trees are used in commercial, industrial and residential areas are listed. An account is given of tree planting in boulevards and avenues, state and civic centres, car parks, bus termini, recreational parks, botanical gardens and arboreta, zoological gardens, sports enclosures and children's playgrounds. The role of trees in industrial areas is discussed and the vegetating of mine dumps described. Passing reference is made to the uses of trees on the sea front. Tree planting for economic purposes by civic authorities is briefly touched upon. The value of trees in private gardens is underlined.     

Initial Moisture Content and Density and Drying Rate of Three Pine Species Growing in the Natal Midlands

In this the first of a two-part report, results are given of investigations into the vertical distribution of the moisture content and density of wood and bark, as well as into bark thickness, bark mass and bark volume of two age groups of Pinus elliottii and P. patula trees and one of P. taeda. Variation in wood and bark properties was affected more by position in the stem than by species and age. This precludes the determination of reliable mass/volume conversion figures if stem position is not taken into consideration. The mass loss of logs of the above species after various periods of drying and the development of mass/volume conversion figures will form part of a further report.     

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Planting Density on the Lignin Synthesis in the Culm in Relation to Lodging Resistance of Buckwheat

Abstract

Lodging is an important constraint limiting buckwheat yield and quality by bending or breaking culm on buckwheat production worldwide. This study was conducted with Ningqiao 01, a moderate lodging resistance cultivar of buckwheat, to determine whether lignin synthesis and lodging resistance of buckwheat are affected by nitrogen fertilizer and planting density. The results showed that the lignin content at the bottom of the 2nd internode was significantly and negatively correlated with lodging index and lodging percentage, but significantly and positively correlated with snapping resistance. The snapping resistance rose and then fell with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer. The snapping resistance decreased with the increase of planting density. The lodging index increased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer and planting density. The lignin content and its related enzymes activities decreased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer and planting density. These results suggested that the lignin content is closely related to the lodging resistance of buckwheat, and a higher lignin content could strengthen the lodging resistance of buckwheat. The increase of nitrogen fertilizer and planting density significantly increased the risk of lodging by decreasing the lignin content and its related enzymes activities at the bottom of the 2nd internode.     

A serial cross-sectional study of the prevalence of rabbit haemorrhagic disease on three farms in the lower North Island of New Zealand

AIM: To estimate over a 3-year period following the first release of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) the prevalence of rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) and the abundance of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in an area that historically had low rabbit densities.

METHODS: Three farms grazing predominantly sheep and beef cattle, located close together and with low initial rabbit densities, were selected for study. RHDV had been deliberately released on all farms in December 1997. Farms were visited 2–3 times per year between June 1998 and April 2001. At each visit, rabbits were shot with the aid of spotlights at night and blood samples were collected for detection of RHDV antibodies. Rabbit carcasses were necropsied and the age of the animals was determined. Rabbit abundance on each property was measured throughout the study using spotlight night counts. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with the risk of carcasses being seropositive for RHDV.

RESULTS: Rabbit density differed initially between farms (8.2, 9.9, 2.3 rabbits per spotlight km in June 1998), and declined on all three properties over time (1.2, 2.4, 1.1 rabbits per spotlight km in November 2000). Highest antibody titres to RHDV were initially evident on the farm on which rabbits were most abundant. The average prevalence of seropositive rabbits overall was 21% (95% CI=15–28%). Female rabbits tended to be less likely to be seropositive for RHDV than males (OR=0.47; 95% CI=0.21–1.02). The odds of becoming seropositive were reduced for rabbits born in the breeding season of 1999–2000 (OR=0.17; 95% CI=0.05–0.64).

CONCLUSIONS: The temporal pattern of outbreaks measured by peaks of seroprevalence differed between closely-spaced farms when they had different rabbit densities, but were similar when rabbit densities were similar. Microclimate and vegetation influencing abundance of insect vectors for RHDV and intrinsic population-related factors like rabbit breeding behaviour are also likely to be involved in local patterns of spread.     

不同密度麦后直播棉生育特性与经济效益分析

通过麦后直播棉不同密度试验及其与麦套棉经济效益的对比分析,初步探明麦后直播棉的生长发育规律,筛选出麦后直播棉适宜的种植密度为9.0万株/hm2,此密度下产量可达3 738.0 kg/hm2;麦后直播棉经济效益优于传统麦套棉.     

不同基因型鲜食玉米品种适宜种植密度研究

[目的]探讨3种不同基因型鲜食玉米（Zea mays L．）品种在不同地区的适宜种植密度。[方法]3个玉米品种分别为高秆大穗型品种京科糯2000（北京市农林科学院玉米研究中心）、矮秆型品种都市丽人（海南绿川种苗有限公司）、半紧凑或紧凑型品种玉美头601（广西壮邦种业有限公司）。种植密度分别为4．2万、4．8万、5．4万、6．0万、6．62;iq-／hm。。[结果]京科糯2000、都市丽人、玉美头601这3种类型玉米品种在不同地区的最佳种植密度不尽相同。对于高秆大穗型品种京科糯2000,在合浦栽培时最佳种植密度为6．0万株／hm。,在玉林栽培时最佳种植密度为4．8万株／hm。,在崇左栽培时最佳种植密度为6．0万株／hm2。对于矮秆型品种都市丽人,在合浦栽培时最佳种植密度为4．8万株／hm。,在玉林栽培时最佳种植密度为6．0万株／hm。,在崇左栽培时最佳种植密度为6．6万株／hm。对于半紧凑或紧凑型品种玉美头601,在合浦栽培时最佳种植密度为6．6万株／hm。,在玉林栽培时最佳种植密度为5．47万株/hm。,在崇左栽培时最佳种植密度为6．07万株~hm。【结论】该研究可为鲜食糯玉米的高产优质栽培提供参考。     

2003-2018年龙南县地闪时空分布特征分析

利用江西省雷电监测系统获取的2003—2018年赣州地区范围内的地闪定位资料,对闪电的基本特性、日变化、月变化以及闪电密度的分布等方面进行了分析。结果表明,闪电强度平均值为8.27 k A;负地闪数占总闪电数的95.4%,平均闪电强度为-9.94 k A;正负闪电比为4.6%,正闪平均强度为26.38 kA;闪电的月变化表现为单峰型,主要出现在4—9月,其中6—8月最为频繁;一天中闪电活跃期为13:00—19:00;闪电密度分布由北往南依次减少。     

基于第8次森林资源清查数据的安徽森林碳储量特征研究

【目的】研究安徽森林植被碳储量的分布特征,为森林碳汇功能的评价提供依据。【方法】以安徽省第8次(2014年)森林资源清查数据为基础,采用生物量-蓄积量转换模型法和平均生物量法,结合不同树种含碳率,估算安徽森林植被的碳储量和碳密度,并分析了不同森林类型及不同林级、林种和起源的乔木林碳储量分布特征。【结果】安徽不同森林类型的总碳储量为8.51×10~7 t,平均碳密度为20.55 t/hm~2,其中竹林的碳密度最高,为37.33 t/hm~2。乔木林和竹林的碳储量分别为6.42×10~7和1.45×10~7 t,各占总碳储量的75.47%和17.02%;不同龄级乔木林中,中龄林碳储量最大,达2 490.92×10~4 t,约占乔木林总碳储量的40%;过熟林碳储量最小,为256.24×10~4 t,仅占乔木林总碳储量的3.99%,且表现出林龄越大碳密度越高的趋势。用材林和防护林的碳储量分别为3 798.04×10~4和2 205.68×10~4 t,共占乔木林碳储量的93.48%;各林种碳密度大小为特用林防护林用材林经济林薪炭林。天然林的面积(153.86×10~4 hm~2)略低于人工林(154.81×10~4 hm~2),但由于天然林的碳密度高于人工林,使得天然林的碳储量(3 476.50×10~4 t))反而高于人工林(2 946.29×10~4 t)。【结论】安徽省森林植被具有明显的碳汇能力,但其碳密度较低,应对现有森林进行科学抚育和管理,以提高森林的碳汇能力。     

造林密度对材用樟树幼林生长和蓄积量的影响

以7年生不同造林密度樟树人工林为研究对象,通过分析林分平均胸径、树高、枝下高、冠幅、单株材积和蓄积量等指标,探究造林密度对樟树幼林林分生长及林分蓄积量的影响。结果表明:1)随着造林密度的增大,樟树林分平均胸径、冠幅和单株材积均呈现减小的规律,造林密度为833株·hm^-2时平均胸径、冠幅和单株材积均最大;2)造林密度对林分平均树高的影响较小,枝下高随造林密度的增大而逐渐增高,造林密度为2 500株·hm^-2时林分枝下高最高;3)随着造林密度的增大,林分蓄积量呈现先增大后减小的规律,造林密度为1 111株·hm^-2时林分蓄积量达到最大值;4)各密度条件下林分胸径生长过程相似,但胸径生长旺盛期的持续时间随造林密度的增大而逐渐减少,造林密度为833株·hm^-2时胸径生长旺盛期持续时间最长;5)不同密度林分单株材积连年生长量呈先增大后减小的趋势,林分单株材积快速增长期持续时间随造林密度的增大而减少;6)综合考虑,樟树人工林适宜造林密度为1 111株·hm^-2,合理造林密度范围为1 111～1 667株·hm^-2。     

基于变密度法的油菜割晒机割台机架拓扑优化与试验

为减少履带式油菜割晒机割台在不同工况下的振动,应用Hypermesh软件建立割台拓扑优化空间,利用多体动力学方法建立基于RecurDyn的油菜割晒机虚拟样机模型,获得部件调试工况、转运工况和田间作业工况下割台运动副的动态载荷;采用折衷规划法构建割台静态刚度和动态频率的综合目标函数,根据层次分析法确定各子目标的权重;以体积分数、运动副极大值载荷为约束条件,得到割台空间结构的理想材料密度分布,综合考虑实际工程应用,对优化得到的割台机架进行规则化处理;建立优化后割台机架的有限元模型并开展有限元静力分析与模态分析,对比分析优化前、后割台测点处的振动幅值。结果显示：优化后最大应力值由107.99 MPa下降到65.45 MPa,最大变形量由0.82 mm下降到0.36 mm;前三阶固有频率有不同程度提高,第一阶固有频率提高到24.187 Hz。实际振动测试结果表明,优化后割台各测点振动幅值下降,割台整体振动减小,其中纵向切割器支架振幅值由4.83 m/s2下降到1.49 m/s2。