窗式空调器贯流风机的设计与实验研究

针对贯流风机用于有限尺寸大冷量窗式空调器系统中的特点,介绍了贯流风机的设计方法.首先采用气动设计计算确定叶轮的几何尺寸,计算蜗壳的有关参数,最后通过实验及分析,确定合适的蜗舌间隙和蒸发器位置尺寸,使贯流风机的风量和噪音满足所设计的空调器性能指标的要求.     

联合收割机吸运风机内气体运动数值模拟

气吸式4ZTL-1800割前摘脱稻(麦)联合收获机的吸运风机的能耗和噪声一般都较大。为了分析气体在风机内的运动规律,应用Fluent软件中的气体运动微分方程及标准的K-ω湍流模型,对吸运风机内气流流场进行了三维数值计算,得到了气体在吸运风机内的流动特征。分析发现气体从叶轮流入到蜗壳时,压力持续上升,由负压转为正压;在靠近叶轮外缘处速度很大,在靠近出口处逐渐降低;在风机后部涡流区面积、涡流强度相对较大。这些特征将为吸运风机的节能降噪设计提供参考依据。     

北疆土壤温度变化对滴灌棉田水盐运移规律的影响研究

以北疆常年膜下滴灌棉田为研究对象,分析棉花整个生育过程中土壤温度变化对棉田水盐运移规律的影响,并对灌溉制度进行优化调整。研究结果表明：土壤温度随着气温的升高而升高,降低而降低,气温影响作用随着土壤深度的增加而减弱,滞后时间随着深度的增加而延长;8月份之前,土壤温度自上而下呈递减分布,随着土壤温度的升高,土壤水分扩散率不断增大,土壤持水能力不断降低,造成5～60 cm处土壤含水率降低,而90～150 cm处土壤含水率增高,导致5 cm和90～150 cm处土壤盐分相对增高;8月份之后,随着土壤温度的降低,土壤温度分布发生变化,土壤水分扩散率不断减小,土壤持水能力不断增强,土壤水分蒸腾降低,渗漏减小,各层土壤含水率相对保持较高,各层土壤含盐率相对保持较低;在灌溉定额不变的条件下,在5、6月份相对减小灌水定额,7月和8月份相对减小灌水周期、增加灌水定额,8月之后相对增加灌水周期、减小灌水定额,在生育期末,通过穿插灌水,加大灌水定额,对土壤洗盐、抑盐有着明显的作用。     

干露对日本海神蛤稚贝生长和存活的影响

为研究不同时间和温度下干露对日本海神蛤Panopea japonica稚贝生长和存活的影响,以两种规格(S组壳长为1.70 mm±0.31 mm,L组壳长为5.04 mm±0.63 mm)的日本海神蛤稚贝为材料,在0、10、20℃条件下,分别干露4、8、12 h,测量并统计干露后恢复3、6、9 d时稚贝的存活率和生长情况。结果表明:在相同干露条件下,L组稚贝的抗干露能力显著高于S组(P0.05);在相同干露时间内,稚贝在不同温度下干露的存活率依次为10℃20℃0℃;0℃下S组稚贝干露后恢复6、9 d时的存活率急剧下降,分别为30.22%±6.48%、19.78%±7.70%,与其他各组有显著性差异(P0.05)。研究表明,经干露处理后,S组日本海神蛤稚贝瞬时生长率显著高于其对照组(P0.05),存在补偿生长现象。     

五种芳香植物精油及精气对支气管炎病菌的效果研究

以金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylocous aureus)、乙型溶血性链球菌(β-Hernolytic streptococcus)为试验菌,采用滤纸片法、二倍稀释法及皿内试验法,测定了5种芳香植物精油及精气的抑菌效果.结果表明,所有供试植物的精油及精气均具有一定的抗菌活性.在精油抑茵试验中,对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑茵活性由强到弱依次为艾叶(Artemisia argyi Levl.et Van)、薄荷(Mentha haplocalyx Briq)、迷迭香(Rose marinus officinalis Linn)、香叶天竺葵(Pelargonium grav eolens L'Herit)、罗勒(Ocimum basilicum L);对乙型链球菌的抑菌活性由强到弱依次为香叶天竺葵、罗勒、艾叶、薄荷、迷迭香.在精气抑菌试验中,5种植物1 g整叶对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌率为21.01％～67.52％,除迷迭香外,另外4种植物的抑菌率均在30％以上;对乙型溶血性链球菌的抑茵率为14％～78.89％,除艾叶、罗勒外,另外3种植物的抑菌率均在30％以上.     

设施栽培油桃物候期内温室内外温度变化规律研究

基于2015年1-5月观测的设施栽培油桃(Prunus persica var.nectarina Maxim)物候期和日光温室内外气温、地温等数据,系统研究了油桃在整个物候期内温室内外气温、地温的变化规律。结果表明,温室栽培油桃的物候期较露地栽培油桃提前50 d左右。油桃萌芽、开花期,温室内的平均气温可达到11.8~13.7℃,最低气温在5℃左右,此气温水平较好满足了油桃萌芽、开花的需要。果实膨大期及成熟期内,温室内平均气温为14.9~24.1℃,但最高气温有时达30℃以上,应注意及时通风降温,延长温室的通风降温时间。温室内外气温在不同天气条件下日变化均呈"单峰"型,晴天温室内外日温差比阴天大,温室内的气温始终高于室外的气温。1月下旬至3月中旬,日光温室内5 cm土层的平均地温为13.5~17.2℃,地温不能满足油桃根系生长发育的需求。不同天气条件下日光温室内外地温的日变化趋势与气温变化基本一致,温室外地温日变化与温室外气温日变化具有相关性;温室内地温日变化较平稳,最高地温较最高气温出现的时间存在滞后现象。     

基于EDEM-Fluent耦合的气流分配式排种器数值模拟与试验

【目的】解决水稻机械直播速度慢、效率低的问题。【方法】采用气流分配式排种器进行水稻直播,优化设计一种由R可调节的喇叭口式内腔与α可变的分流密封盖组成的α-R式气流分配式排种器,利用EDEM-Fluent耦合模块,对气流分配排种过程进行数值模拟;并进行排种性能台架验证试验。【结果】仿真结果显示,α-R组合式分配器中水稻颗粒最高运动速度为5.416 m·s~(-1),且旋涡滞种区域面积也低于传统结构,水稻颗粒在分配器中排出顺畅;R=180 mm、α=20°时,排种均匀性变异系数为24.56%,各行一致性变异系数为3.79%,总排量稳定性变异系数为1.23%,3项指标均为最优。采用3D打印的分配器进行台架试验,结果显示该排种器排种均匀性变异系数为29.17%~30.86%,各行一致性变异系数为4.13%~4.33%,总排量稳定性变异系数为1.4%~1.7%,满足水稻机械直播要求。【结论】多次试验结果稳定,与仿真结果较为接近,说明本次设计的气流分配式排种器满足要求,也表明利用EDEM-Fluent耦合模拟的正确性与可行性。     

果园风送喷雾机风送系统研究现状与发展趋势

在果园管理工作中,病虫害防治是极其重要的一环。近些年,我国果园风送式喷雾机得到了巨大发展,有效提高了农药利用率,降低了农药对农作物的影响,减小了环境污染问题。本文阐述了果园风送喷雾机研究进程,分析了喷雾机风送系统,以期为我国果园风送喷雾机的研发提供参考。     

Review of Measurement Technologies for Air Pollutants at Livestock and Poultry Farms

With the intensification of livestock breeding, the air quality problem of livestock farms caused by high density breeding is becoming more and more serious. Animal husbandry has become one of the important sources of air pollutants in China. Air emitted from most intensive livestock houses contains a large amount of pollutants, including ammonia, sulfides, particulate matters (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which not only poses a big threat to animals and workers in livestock farms, but also spreads to the surrounding environment resulting in air pollution. Scientific and applicable air pollutants measuring methods are the basis of monitoring and controlling air pollution in livestock and poultry farms. In this article, the detection methods of livestock farming related hazardous gases (e.g., NH₃, H₂S), greenhouse gases, particulate matters and odor were summarized. The detection methods of hazardous gases in livestock houses mainly include chemical analysis, semiconductor gas sensor detection, spectroscopic methodology and mass spectrometry. The wet-chemical method is cheap and can detect gases sensitively and accurately, while it cannot detect gases in real time, and the process is time-consuming and labor-intensive. The gas tube is cheap and easy to operate, but the deviation is great. Electrochemical sensor is of high sensitivity, moderate cost and can be used to detect gas concentration continuously, however, the devices are easy to age. Spectrum method and mass spectrometry can detect gas quickly and accurately, but it is not suitable for conventional air detection of productive livestock farming due to its high costs. In this paper, the detection methods of greenhouse gases (e.g., CH₄, CO₂) generated from animal intestinal fermentation and livestock environment were also summarized. It is hard to conclude an accurate detection of greenhouse gases in animal husbandry, because the concentrations of greenhouse gases in animal husbandry changes all the time (diurnal and seasonal) and are related to other factors including sampling points. No international common testing method and measurement standard are concluded till now, therefore, the research of greenhouse gases detection method and standard in animal husbandry should be carried out as soon as possible. The detection methods of particulate matters (PM) in livestock farms were reviewed from three aspects: physical, chemical and biological characteristics. PM contains complex components in livestock farms, therefore, it is highly needed to improve PM detection technology. Besides, the component analysis and sensory analysis of odorous substances in livestock farms were overviewed. The odor analysis of professional olfactory discernment personnel owns stronger subjectivity and costs higher than gas chromatography- mass spectrometry. While, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is unable to determine all gaseous organic compounds with one sample. Combining gas chromatography and dynamic olfactometer can be more efficient for comprehensive analysis of odor samples. In this article, detection methods and techniques of air pollutants in animal husbandry were comprehensively reviewed to provide a reference for the development of air pollutants detection technologies in livestock and poultry breeding in China.     

南阳市环境污染对植物生理特征的影响

选择南阳市区5个不同污染区的常见绿化树种作为研究对象,研究不同污染区的环境污染对植物生理特征产生的影响。分别测定不同树种成熟叶片的电导率变化、游离脯氨酸含量和叶绿素a/b值生理生化指标,并比较同一功能区不同树种的抗污染能力。结果表明:同一树种在不同功能区的生理生化指标不同,且存在显著差异;同一功能区不同绿化树种的生理生化指标也存在显著差异。各绿化树种的抗污染能力大小为:珊瑚树>大叶黄杨>海桐>雪松。