紫胶林-农田复合生态系统的蚱总科昆虫多样性

在云南绿春县采用网扫法调查紫胶林-农田复合生态系统稻田、旱地、天然紫胶林和人工紫胶林4个不同土地利用生境的蚱总科昆虫群落。共采集蚱606头,隶属于6科33种;其中蚱科、刺翼蚱科和短翼蚱科物种丰富。运用ACE方法对物种丰富度估计的结果表明:调查中实际采集到的蚱类物种接近物种丰富度估计值的90%。紫胶林-农田复合生态系统蚱类物种多度分布符合对数正态分布,分布模型为S(R)=8exp-(0.2R)2[χ2=0.688<χ2(4,0.05)=8.488;R2=0.623],显示出该生境利于蚱类的生存。不同土地利用生境蚱类物种多样性不同:稻田蚱类物种丰富度和多样性最高,旱地和人工紫胶林次之,天然紫胶林多样性最低。一些蚱对于不同土地利用生境具有明显的选择性,有7种蚱(IndVal≥0.5,P<0.05)能作为该系统内不同土地利用生境的指示物种:贡山柯蚱、宽顶瘤蚱、云南瘤蚱和圆肩悠背蚱是稻田的指示物种,短背扁角蚱和长跗波蚱是天然紫胶林的指示物种,而上思庭蚱是人工紫胶林的指示物种。在紫胶林-农田复合生态系统中,蚱比蝗虫能够更好地反映土地管理对昆虫多样性的影响。运用IndVal指数进行指示物种筛选比单独依靠物种个体数更科学。     

渭北旱塬源面混农林的结构因子与防风效益的关系研究

本文从实际观测调查出发，应用多元统计分析的方法，考察混农林的各结构因子指标与防风效益之间的关系。结果表明：林木平均胸径、林木覆盖度和林木分布度三个指标能够较好地反映混农林结构特征与防风效益的关系。     

Biomass Production and Phosphorus Use Efficiency in Two Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) Gray Genotypes

Little information exists on the phosphorus (P) use efficiency of Tithonia diversifolia under varying levels of soil P availability. This study evaluated biomass production, changes in tissue P concentration, P uptake, and P uptake and utilization efficiencies in a Costa Rican and Colombian T. diversifolia genotype when 0, 0.3, 5, and 30 mg P g^?1 were available. Biomass, root length and tissue P concentration increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of P availability and with time. Phosphorus uptake (mg plant^?1) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) at 30 mg P g^?1. Phosphorus uptake (mg P mg^?1 P_f) and utilization (mg mg^?1 P) efficiencies were greatest at 0.3 and 5 mg P g^?1. Differences between genotypes showed that T. diversofilia from Colombia had a significantly higher (P < 0.05) biomass, tissue P concentration, root length, and a more effective uptake and utilization of P when availability of this nutrient was low.     

Can agroforestry improve soil fertility and carbon storage in smallholder banana farming systems?

Soil fertility depletion is a major constraint to agricultural production for smallholder farming households in many sub‐Saharan countries, and it is worsened by climate variability. In order to sustain food security for a growing population, measures have to be taken against C and nutrient losses from soils. This study examines whether banana–coffee agroforestry systems can improve soil fertility and C pools in smallholder farms in E Africa amidst observed climate variability. We selected 20 farms in Central Uganda, where soil samples were obtained from the top and subsoil layers. Samples were analyzed for several soil fertility parameters including soil organic matter (SOM), total soil organic C, pH, total N, plant‐available P, exchangeable K, texture, and bulk density. Soil C stocks were calculated based on soil organic C concentrations and bulky density. We measured tree diameter and height and calculated aboveground plant biomass using allometric equations. Belowground biomass was estimated using equations based on the respective aboveground plant biomass. Our results show that banana–coffee agroforestry farming systems had significantly higher total SOM and total N compared to the banana monoculture. Similar trends were observed for soil C stocks and total C pools. The former contained 1.5 times higher soil C stocks than the latter. Likewise, the mean total C pools for the banana–coffee agroforestry farm plots were 26% larger than that under banana monoculture. However, exchangeable K was higher in the soil of banana monocultures. Plant‐available P levels were limiting under both farming systems. The study demonstrates that beyond socio‐economic benefits banana–coffee agroforestry farming systems have beneficial effects on soil fertility and C sequestration compared to banana monocultures in the study area. However, precautions to avoid P depletion have to be taken under current climate conditions.     

杨-农复合系统土壤养分分布特征

以2年生杨-农复合系统为研究对象,通过对不同林分结构（密度、配置方式）杨-农复合系统及农田土壤养分的分布特征进行分析比较,探讨林分结构对杨-农复合系统土壤养分的影响规律。结果表明：（1）杨-农复合系统土壤含水率、pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾含量在0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层均存在明显的水平差异,但距杨树树行不同距离点土壤养分的变化规律性不明显,可能受杨树根系分布、土壤微生物、施肥以及耕作等的影响;3种模式杨-农复合系统土壤含水率、pH值均高于对照,全氮含量仅树干基部土壤低于对照,而全磷、全钾含量与对照间差异不明显;（2）4种类型土壤含水率、pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾含量在上下层间呈极显著差异(P<0.01),存在明显的垂直分布规律,且M₁模式上层土壤含水率、pH值、有机质、全氮含量高,全磷与全钾含量低,M₂与M₃模式多相反。     

Adoption of On-Farm Tree Planting in Kibaale District,Western Uganda

Using logistic and multiple regression analyses, this article examines the socioeconomic factors that influence farmers’ decisions to adopt on-farm tree planting, one of the agroforestry techniques promoted by government agencies and research institutions for use in the farming systems of Uganda. A household survey involving 200 farmers was carried out in the Subcounties of Kabamba, Mugarama, Kagadi, and Kiryanga in Kibaale District, western Uganda. From the analyses, we found out that a farmer's decision to adopt on-farm tree planting is influenced by household and field characteristics. Gender, tree tenure security, availability of seed and supply, guidance by extension and research Institutions, size of landholding per household, fuelwood scarcity, and main source of family income were the factors that significantly influenced the decision to adopt on-farm tree planting. We recommended that in order to promote increased adoption of on-farm tree planting, appropriate socioeconomic characterization should be explored in order to target areas with better adoption potential for optimal realization of the intended objectives by government agencies and research institutions.     

肯尼亚西部印度田菁改良休耕地对玉米生产力和黄独脚金寄生杂草(Sesbania sesban)侵扰的作用

在撒哈拉以南的非洲地区,黄独脚金寄生杂草（Strigahermonthica）侵扰是限制小农产自给性农业生产的主要因素之一。土壤肥力低加之总体环境退化是寄生杂草侵扰产生的重要原因。引入改良的耕作制度来解决寄生杂草侵扰和土壤肥力下降的问题势在必行。本文对肯尼亚西部双峰高原地区内,用豆科植物--印度田菁改良的休耕地对玉米产量和农田寄生杂草侵扰的作用进行了研究。实验处理分阶段进行,处理包括田菁改良6和18个月的休耕地、未经耕作自然植物再生6和18个月的休耕地、连续种植玉米未施肥的耕地和连续种植玉米同时施加氮和磷肥的耕地。结果表明,与未施肥玉米地相比,田菁改良休耕地明显（p〈0.5）增加玉米产量.除草管理降低了第一季度（428000&#177;63000株&#183;hm-2）、第二季度（51000&#177;1500株&#183;hm-2）玉米地寄生杂草植株种群。实验周期内,除草管理降低玉米地土壤中寄生杂草种子种群数。短期田菁改良休耕地对玉米产量的促进作用明显好于未施肥的玉米地,但是短期杂草休耕地对玉米产量无显著影响。种植玉米和除草控制寄生杂草效果要好于休耕。     

澜沧江流域主要混农林业类型及其评价

混农林业在云南山区具有悠久的实践历史,通过介绍和评述澜沧江流域实践的主要混农林业类型,分析总结社区村民在发展混农林业中存在的问题与制约因素,提出发展对策与建议。     

Biodiversity and socioeconomic factors supporting farmers' choice of wild edible trees in the agroforestry systems of Benin (West Africa)

Wild edible trees are expected to play a significant role in the crop diversification programs and agroforestry development in Africa. In the present study, the diversity of wild food species and socio-economical factors that support farmers' choice for the species used in these systems were assessed. A number of selected sites in each of the 3 climatic zones of Benin were surveyed. Data were collected through a field exploration and a semi-structured survey among 435 selected households throughout the country, using a questionnaire. The most culturally important species ranked by locals were determined for each climatic zone and the relations between the targeted species in traditional agroforestry systems and the reasons which support peasants' choices were described through a Principal Component Analysis. A total of 43 wild edible trees were found in the traditional agroforestry systems of Benin during the survey. Traditional agroforestry systems in the Guineo-Congolian zone turned out to be the most diversified with 29 species followed by the Sudanian zone with 22 species and Sudano-Guinean zone with 16 species. The most culturally important wild edible trees in traditional agroforestry systems in the Guineo-Congolian zone were different from those identified in Sudanian and Sudano-Guinean zones. Three main reasons that support peasants' ambition to conserve or to grow wild edible trees in their field were: their contribution to food, their use in traditional medicine and ceremonies and the farmers' perception of their availability in natural vegetation.