兰州市城郊农业生态系统的服务功能及可持续发展对策

城郊农业生态系统是一个由社会、经济、自然等多种因素组成的复合生态经济系统,不仅提供经济产品,还以巨大的生物多样性提供多类型的生态服务功能,因此,必须合理地调整和分配土地资源,建立稳定可持续的城郊农业生态系统,实现城郊农业资源开发利用与城市生态环境建设的协调可持续发展。本文通过对兰州市城郊的农田、草地、林地和水体4种生态类型服务功能价值的分析,测算出兰州市城郊农业生态系统的年服务价值量为56.14×108元。从农业资源特征和城市生态安全要求出发,提出了适宜于兰州市城郊农业的耦合发展模式及产业化经营机制。     

Breeding performance of the Indian sarus crane in the agricultural landscape of western India

The breeding performance of the Indian sarus crane Grus antigone antigone Linn. was studied in the agricultural landscape of western India during 1996-1998. Detailed records of 70 nests were maintained from egg laying till fledging. At least one chick hatched from 50 clutches (71.43%). Nineteen clutches (27.14%) were destroyed due to various factors, but at least 7 pairs re-nested. Egg mortality was mainly due to flooding (7.35%), predation (11.03%) and conflict with farmers (8.09%). Chick mortality due to predation was 8.24% and to unknown factors was 30%. Number of chicks hatched and number fledged did not differ significantly in different microhabitats. Average breeding success was 25.74%. Breeding success was comparatively lower in paddy crop fields than in other microhabitats due to human disturbance and higher predation risk. The juveniles formed only 10.14% of the total sarus sighted during the post-breeding period. An increasing conflict of sarus crane with the farmers in the agricultural landscape is a matter of concern for sarus crane conservation. The economic loss due to nesting in the crop field, if compensated, will help in sarus crane conservation.     

“双链型”复合农业生态系统的高效配套技术及效益

研究实施了“双链型”复合农业生态系统,总结了稻田套种牧草养鹅和稻田养鸭的方法和田间管理技术,探讨了种草与养鹅、种稻与养鸭在时间上的相互衔接,开展了草 鹅-稻 鸭周年复合生态系统与常规稻-麦轮作方式的比较效益分析,表明该农业生态系统为当前农业结构调整和生态新农村的建设提供了示范模式。     

Asymptomatic weeds are frequently colonised by pathogenic species of Fusarium in cereal‐based crop rotations

Several Fusarium species cause harmful cereal diseases, such as fusarium head blight and crown rot, which, during pathogenesis, may result in significant grain yield and quality losses. Several species of agricultural weed are believed to be alternative and reservoir hosts for Fusarium spp.; however, studies have not comprehensively evaluated those weed species in cropping systems that may harbour these fungi. The objective of this study was to determine weed species in cereal‐based crop rotations that are asymptomatically colonised by Fusarium spp. We sampled all species of weed present in fields that were managed under six different crop sequences in 2015 and 2016. The study yielded 2326 single‐spore isolates of Fusarium spp. derived from various organs of asymptomatic weeds. Isolates were identified morphologically and then confirmed using PCR with species‐specific primers and/or sequencing of tef1α gene fragments. Isolates of nine Fusarium spp. were obtained from 689 of the 744 individuals collected that represented 56 weed species. Each weed species harboured at least one species of Fusarium, and >80% were colonised by 3–9 Fusarium spp. In total, we identified 27 dicotyledonous weed species that were previously undocumented as Fusarium hosts and 251 new weed × Fusarium species combinations were revealed. Consequently, there is a greater risk of negative Fusarium impacts on cereal crops than was previously thought. We suggest effective weed management and inversion soil tillage may help mitigate these impacts.     

乙草胺及铜离子复合施用对黑土农田生态系统土著微生物的急性毒性效应

采用实验室模拟方法研究了乙草胺、铜离子及其复合物在施加12d内对黑土农田生态系统中土著微生物种群数量及其土壤生物学特性的急性毒性效应。结果表明：单独施加乙草胺或铜离子对土壤中主要微生物类群——细菌、放线菌以及作物生长有益微生物类群——自生固氮菌、矿化磷细菌及硅酸盐细菌具有明显的急性毒性作用；这种毒性效应尤以第6d最为显著。单独施加乙草胺或铜离子可使供试土壤中的真菌数量明显提高，第9d时，乙草胺和铜离子处理土壤中真菌数量比对照分别提高20．87倍和3．01倍。乙草胺和铜离子的复合施加在前6d对土壤中所有被检测微生物种群的毒性均比其相应的单因子的毒性强，表现出明显的乙草胺—铜离子协同毒性效应。乙草胺对供试土壤的呼吸强度和脱氢酶活性具有明显的刺激效应。铜离子在前6d刺激供试土壤呼吸强度增强，从第9d开始抑制供试土壤的呼吸强度；而铜离子在处理过程中对土壤脱氢酶活性却表现为强烈的抑制效应。当乙草胺和铜离子复合施加时，对供试土壤的呼吸强度和脱氢酶活性的作用随作用时间呈现不同作用规律。     

Traditional management of cassava morphological and genetic diversity by the Makushi Amerindians (Guyana, South America): Perspectives for on-farm conservation of crop genetic resources

In this paper we present original data on morphological and genetic diversity of cassava managed by the Makushi Amerindians from Guyana. Although they propagate cassava exclusively vegetatively by means of stem cuttings, many Amerindian farmers also use and multiply volunteer plants grown from seeds produced by sexual reproduction. Morphological characters were recorded for 29 varieties cultivated by the Makushi and two populations of plants originating from volunteer cassava seedlings. Genetic characterisation with AFLP markers was available for 21 of the examined varieties. The morphological and agronomic characters were highly variable among varieties. Every variety could be differentiated from any other one, except for one pair of varieties. However, high intra-varietal variability existed, which might lead to confusions between phenotypically similar varieties by the Makushi. Seedlings were on average different from the pool of the varieties studied, but 67% were found to resemble closely enough one of the varieties to be liable to be assigned to it. Confusion between very similar varieties, as well as assignment of seedlings to a variety, should generate genetic variability within varieties, which was detected with AFLP markers. As in other sites in Amazonia, there was only a weak correlation between inter-varietal distances assessed with molecular and with morphological markers, suggesting that diversification of morphological characters has taken place repeatedly and independently across the Amazonian range of the crop. Diversifying selection, exchanges of varieties between farmers, and incorporation of sexually produced volunteer plants are key mechanisms responsible for the high diversity observed. Strategies of conservation of genetic resources should take these dynamic processes into account. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

红壤农业生态系统的养分循环、平衡及管理

An experiment was conducted in a red soil derived from Quaternary red clay in the Ecological Experiment Station of Red Soil, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, located in Yingtan (28° 15' 30' N, 116° 55' 30' E), Jiangxi Province. The results show that the major ways of nutrient loss are leaching and nitrogen volatilization. Rationalizing crop distribution, stimulating nutrient recycling, and improving internal nutrient flow are effective measures to decrease nutrient loss and to promote nutrient utilization efficiency. The important ways of regulating nutrient cycling and balance in the agroecosystem of the red soil are to establish optimal eco-agricultural models, practice balanced fertilization and combine the cropping system with the livestock system.     

Impacts of rainstorms on soil erosion and organic matter for different cover crop systems in the western coast agricultural region of Syria

More and more cultivated coastal territories of Syria are being affected by increasing land degradation processes, specifically, by soil erosion due to non‐sustainable soil management. The use of cover crops can be considered an ideal solution to reduce the negative impacts of extreme rainfall events on soil erosion. However, there is no enough information about the main cultivated areas of Syria due to the current conflicts and the very few types of research conducted there. Therefore, the main aim of this research was to assess soil erosion (soil loss and sediment concentration) and hydrological response (run‐off and infiltration) considering the impact of different types of cropping systems on soil organic matter. To achieve this goal, using erosion plots, five grouped natural rainfall events and soil samples were collected, and infiltration measurements were performed between November 2012 and April 2013 (rainy season) on three different cropping systems (wheat, vetch, bean and control) with different sloping gradients (8% and 20%) in Tartous governorate (W Syria). Our results showed a cumulative rainfall amount from 68.8 to 201 mm during the study period. The highest sediment yield was generated in the control and wheat plots, registering 0.468 and 0.368 kg m^?2, respectively, with an inclination of 8%. For an inclination of 20%, the control and wheat plots registered 1.145 and 0.967 kg m^?2, respectively. In comparison with the control plots, there was a decrease in the total eroded organic matter, which ranged from 0.0579 (control) to 0.0289 (bean) kg m^?2 year^?1 in the plots with 20% inclination, and from 0.0233 (control) to 0.0069 (bean) kg m^?2 year^?1 with 8% inclination. To sum up, bean and vetch play an effective role to mitigate soil erosion, delay run‐off and reduce sediment yield. The output of this research provides first insights into the impact of different land uses on soil loss. Also, it could help rural inhabitants and farmers to correctly manage their soils against soil erosion processes.     

农村工业与农业生态系统相互作用的投入产出分析

本研究以江苏南部农村工业发达地区中农村工业与农业较协调发展的北库镇为系统研制对象，采用投入产出分析方法，分析了农村工业与农业生态系统内各部门间的数值存关系和投入产出关系。研究指出，乡（镇）在发展农村工业的同时，兼顾发展农、牧、渔才能促使农村戒严与农业生态系统协调发展，北库镇农村工业与农、牧、渔协调发展的比例关系是：农村工业最终产品增１％，农、牧、渔分别增长的比率０．１４％、０．０２３％、０．０９％     

Seed Bacterization with Fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. Enhances Nutrient Uptake and Growth of Cajanus cajan L.

Among plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. are an important group affecting plant growth. Pigeon pea is an important pulse crop and most of the studies were aimed at using Pseudomonas spp. for pest management in pigeon pea. Seventy-five fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from diverse agroecosystems of India and evaluated for their plant-growth-promoting ability, primarily by the paper cup method. Seventeen selected isolates were further evaluated by short-term pot assay for plant growth promotion. Seeds treated with bacteria showed greater nutrient concentration and growth than the control. Isolate P17 showed significant growth promotion in terms of root length (54.5 cm), dry mass (323 mg), chlorophyll (24 spad units), carbohydrates (21.2 percent), nitrogen (2.45 percent), calcium (1.82 percent), iron (984 ppm), and manganese (564 ppm). Pseudomonas sp. P17 strain was identified as a potential PGPR for nutrient uptake and plant growth promotion in pigeon pea, and this finding paves a way for integrated plant nutrient management in rainfed agroecosystems.