Investigation of threatened arable weeds and their conservation status in Turkey

Agronomic operations carried out in arable lands may cause changes in weed populations and also decrease the number of animal species that depend on these weed species. An emerging paradigm is the conservation and sustainability of weed species. In this study, risk status of arable weeds in Turkey was evaluated and it was determined that 112 of them (76 endemic and 36 non-endemic species) were at risk according to the IUCN Red List. Turkey is extremely diverse, with over 3000 endemic plant species out of nearly 12 000 recorded. Considering endemic weeds, they are classified in the following risk categories: critically endangered (four weed species), endangered (EN) (six), vulnerable (VU) (14), near threatened (seven), least concern (41) and data deficient (DD) (four species). Among the non-endemic weeds, three species are EN, 31 VU and two are DD. The families with the highest threatened weed species are Scrophulariaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae and Lamiaceae. The identification of weed species in arable habitats and their risk status is a useful tool for assessing and monitoring how the sustainability of weed populations is affected by farming practices. The results show the necessity of adopting new environment-friendly agricultural methods to conserve the high number of endemic weed species under threat in Turkey.     

大兴安岭南部丘陵半干旱农区系统功能与系统生产力分析——以大沟坝乡为例

通过大坝沟乡农业生态系统的能量与物质的投入产出分析,评价系统的功能、结构特征,探讨该地区增强系统功能、提高系统生产力的有效措施。     

SOIL ATTRIBUTES AFTER THE CONVERSION FROM FOREST TO PASTURE IN AMAZON

The conversion from forest to grassland is drastically changing soil characteristics in Amazon, leading to land degradation when it is poorly managed. Chemical and physical changes of a Typic Hapludox were evaluated as a function of the conversion (by means of fire) from forest to Brachiaria brizantha cultivation. Samples from the remaining forest were also sampled. Treatments were made to pastures eight (P8), thirteen (P13) and fifteen (P15) years after conversion, and to land under continuous grazing, and to a remaining forest area (control). The forest soil was more acidic than the pasture soils. Soil density and Ca⁺² increased after the conversion, regardless of the period of grazing. Carbon stocks varied from 31·2 t ha⁻¹ in the forest soil to 37·4 (P8), 33·5 (P13) and 30·7 t ha⁻¹ (P15). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鲁西地区农业生态系统结构分析——以聊城市为例

以聊城市农业生态系统为研究对象,对近10年来系统生产力、农业结构与效益进行了动态分析,结果发现:1995~2005年,该农业生态系统的产品生产力、经济生产力均有不同程度的提高,其中产品生产力以水果增幅最大(431.8%),棉花次之,水产品、油料、粮食、蔬菜增产幅度较小;经济生产力以油料增幅最大(220.7%),水产品和棉花次之,而粮食有所降低,人均纯收入逐年增加,基本实现了农业增产和农民增收。种植业、牧业、林果业、渔业产值在调查年度内均有较大幅度增加,其中以牧业与渔业增幅最大;从产值优势度看,牧业、林果业、渔业产值优势度均有较大增幅,其中牧业产值优势度增幅最大,牧业逐渐成为继种植业之后第二产值大户(优势度均值为26.11%),种植业产值优势度虽有所降低,但仍是该系统的最主要收入来源(优势度均值为70.95%),而渔业与林果业产值优势度所占份额很小(优势度均值不足2.0%);农业生态系统总体优势度略有降低但优势度值较高,系统稳定性指数明显增大,说明聊城市农业生态系统产值结构渐趋均衡,系统渐趋稳定。然而,该系统的产投比较小,且呈降低趋势,表明系统生产效益不稳定,并有降低趋势。     

植物化感作用及其在草地农业生态系统中的应用

植物化感作用作为一种自然的生态现象,在自然界中普遍存在.目前对植物化感作用的研究主要集中在化感物质的分离、鉴定、释放途径、作用机理及化感作用对农、林、牧等草地农业生态系统持续发展的应用潜力等方面.但化感作用在草地农业中的具体作用和应用还缺乏深入系统地概述.为探明化感作用在草地农业生态系统的作用,本文从植物化感作用的物质...     

黄淮海地区农业生态经济系统能值分析

为了更好地评价黄淮海地区农业生态经济系统的运行特征和可持续发展状况,本文利用能值分析理论通过构建评估指标体系.对黄淮海地区农业生态系统的能值投入产出状况、环境承载情况和生态系统运行效果进行了定量分析.结果表明黄淮海地区农业生态系统能值产出率相对较高,整体运行状况较好,具有较强市场竞争力,环境承受能力较强和可持续发展能力较强,但仍处于石油农业发展阶段,其化肥、农药和地膜等工业辅助能值大幅度增加,其发展可持续性有一定下降趋势,造成对生态环境的较大压力应引起关注.为促进黄淮海地区农业的可持续发展,应调整其能值投入和产出结构,加大农业科技的研究和推广力度,适"-3降低以化肥为代表的工业辅助能投入,改变化工农业生产模式,走农业可持续发展的道路.     

三峡库区秭归县农业生态系统退化综合评价

建立了农业生态系统退化评价指标体系,包括单调性指数,非均衡指数,系统非稳定指数,非持续性指数,生产力阻滞指数,系统封闭性系数,土壤养分退化指数、系统钝化指数等８个指标,运用这些指标对三峡库区秭归县１６个乡镇农业生态系统进行了评价。     

发展草地农业的体会

草地农业系统作为一个系统模式,本身有其生态效应和工程系统效应。本文就草地农业系统和生态工程技术的基本关系、草地农业系统的生态分析以及草地农业中的关键生态工程技术进行了探讨,以期从生态工程的整体界面和高度去加强草地农业系统的管理,做到合理利用、良性开发、高效运作,最后达到经济和生态的可持续发展。     

The Concept of Agricultural Productivity on Ecosystem Scale and Its Measurement

What is the connotation and the extension of the productivity concept and how to calculate it are the core problems in evaluating an agricultural-production process. The attributes of agricultural production processes have changed greatly in the last 100 years, and the methods to describe and measure the productivity failed to keep in pace with the production processes, resulting in a totally vague, incomplete evaluation of the production processes. Sometimes the serious problem of pollution is ignored in the race to shortdated money making, thus leading to a blooming and flooding pollution; sometimes the great ecological benefits are ignored and the corresponding production processes suffer drastically from “economic deficit”. With the old agricultural productivity indices, no prediction can be made of the ultimate effects of agroecosytem on mankind-pollution or welfare. A new concept, agricultural productivity on ecosystem scale （APES） and the related indices are defined here to solve these problems. Emergy and exergy are introduced to help the measurement of the indices. Emergy is the memory of energy, which can be used to measure the total cost, including natural capital and social capital. APES of the agroecosystem is the aggregated contributions of all components to mankind and its habitat in uniformed dimensions, it may be expressed in material, energy, information, organization, pollution and damage, etc., positive or negative, and are calculated based on exergy methods. And a related index agroecological coupling degree （ACD） shows sustainability.