草地农业生态系统的自组织特性

根据自组织理论探讨了草地农业生态系统的6个自组织特性，即草地农业生态系统的结构性、有序性、非线性、开放性、非平衡性和涨落性。认为，草地农业生态系统是一个自组织系统；它只有不断地与外界进行物质、能量和信息的交换及系统内部的协同效应，才能产生结构和功能的有序状态；对草地农业生态系统的调控，必须抓住物质和能量输入的控制，特别是要控制系统内部生态的、经济的、技术的因素以及生产劳动因素之是的协同效应。     

Rainfall Interception by Singleleaf Piñon and Utah Juniper: Implications for Stand-Level Effective Precipitation

The expansion of piñon and juniper trees into sagebrush steppe and the infilling of historic woodlands has caused a reduction in the cover and density of the understory vegetation. Water is the limiting factor in these systems; therefore, quantifying redistribution of water resources by tree species is critical to understanding the dynamics of these formerly sagebrush-dominated rangelands. Tree canopy interception may have a significant role in reducing the amount of rainfall that reaches the ground beneath the tree, thereby reducing the amount of available soil moisture. We measured canopy interception of rainfall by singleleaf piñon (Pinus monophylla Torr. & Frém.) and Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma [Torr.] Little) across a gradient of storm sizes. Simulated rainfall was used to quantify interception and effective precipitation during 130 rainfall events ranging in size from 2.2 to 25.9 mm hr^? 1 on 19 trees of each species. Effective precipitation was defined as the sum of throughfall and stemflow beneath tree canopies. Canopy interception averaged 44.6% (± 27.0%) with no significant difference between the two species. Tree allometrics including height, diameter at breast height, stump diameter, canopy area, live crown height, and width were measured and used as predictor variables. The best fit predictive model of effective precipitation under canopy was described by stump diameter and gross precipitation (R² = 0.744, P < 0.0001). An alternative management model based on canopy area and gross precipitation predicted effective precipitation with similar accuracy (R² = 0.741, P < 0.0001). Canopy area can be derived from various remote sensing techniques, allowing these results to be extrapolated to larger spatial scales to quantify the effect of increasing tree canopy cover on rainfall interception loss and potential implications for the water budget.     

河南省陆地植被净第一性生产力估算及其时空分布

基于地理信息系统和卫星遥感技术,利用地面气象数据和MODIS数据,同时考虑河南省自身实际地理和植被覆盖情况,在对最大光利用率和水分胁迫系数的获取进行改进的基础上,利用CASA模型对河南省植被净第一性生产力（NPP）进行了估算,并分析了其时空分布。结果表明,2008年河南省NPP生产量为34.87 Mt C,NPP空间分布和植被类型有密切关系,森林植被最大,然后依次是灌丛、草地、农田等。12、1和2月NPP最小,植物基本停止生长,植被的NPP只占全年的1.38％;5、7和8月的NPP最大,占全年总量的56.84％。与Miami、Montreal、Chinkugo模型相比,本研究结果和Miami模型结果最为接近,植被类型NPP均值排序和Chinkugo模型相似;与实测数据对比结果显示,模拟值接近于实测值,说明模型适用于河南省NPP的模拟。     

论养蜂业在农业中的地位和作用

本文从农业增产、环境可持续发展、环境监控和治理、守护人类健康、建设"节约型社会"、农民增收、蜂产品出口创汇等方面综述了蜂业在我国农业中的地位和作用,阐述了我国养蜂业在世界的地位,并对今后的发展潜力和趋势进行了预测。     

打破结缕草种子休眠的方法研究

X-射线能谱分析表明,颖苞表面被蜡质和硅覆盖,造成颖苞透性差,限制结缕草Zoysia japonica种子的萌发.在此基础上采用丙酮、HF和H2SO4处理结缕草种子,发现均能有效打破休眠,具体表现如下:以0.6%HF处理10min、30%丙酮处理20min、60%H2SO4处理5min效果最好,发芽率分别为88%、90%和92%,同20%NaOH处理20min相比,种子发芽率相差不多.表明,可以考虑用HF或丙酮等有机溶剂来进行结缕草种子的工厂化处理.     

Evaluation the Clinitek status automated dipstick analysis device for semiquantitative testing of canine urine

The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the Clinitek status™ analyser using Multistix10SG™/Microalbustix™ dipsticks (all: Siemens Dx) for canine urine (n = 101) compared to reference methods: visual reading (Combur9 dipstick, Roche), refractometry, microscopy, and quantitative protein/creatinine analysis (Pentra400, AxonLab). The automated analyses were done twice and visual tests were performed by two examiners.An excellent to good concordance was demonstrated between the first/second analysis with the Multistix10SG and the Combur9 dipstick, respectively with Cohen’s κ-values ranging from 0.776 to 1.000. Agreement between both dipsticks was good for glucose (κ = 0.753), blood (κ = 0.793), protein (κ = 0.788), and moderate for bilirubin (κ = 0.431) and ketones (κ = 0.540). In 6/101 specimens, false positive ketone reactions were obtained with the Multistix10SG™. Multistix10SG™ could not be used for determination of pyuria or specific gravity. Semiquantitative/quantitative protein results correlated well (ρ = 0.90) and creatinine measurements moderately (ρ = 0.76). Due to automated data transmission to the laboratory information system, the Clinitek status™ is of advantage in veterinary laboratories/clinics.     

2012年湖南省奶业的发展状况与前景展望

为促进湖南省奶业发展,本文对2012年湖南省奶业信息进行了监测.监测结果表明,2012年湖南省奶牛存栏数比2011年下降59.8％.生鲜乳价格持续走低,而奶牛饲料价格普遍上涨.生鲜乳质量安全状况一般,防治费用较高,部分乳制品加工企业拖欠奶款严重,使奶牛养殖面临困境.     

施肥对全膜双垄沟播玉米土壤养分动态变化的影响

采用大田随机区组试验法,研究了不同施肥水平下全膜双垄沟播玉米土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮和速效磷的动态变化情况。结果表明:整个玉米生育时期0～20cm土层各处理的土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮和速效磷变化趋势与20～40cm土层基本一致。土壤有机质和碱解氮含量随着玉米生育时期的推进而不断降低,且分别在抽雄期和灌浆期达到最低值,成熟期有机质和碱解氮含量又略有回升。全磷含量从苗期到成熟期逐渐降低。全氮和速效磷含量在玉米生长前期不断增加,且分别在抽雄期和拔节期达到最大值,之后随着生育期的推进而不断降低。两个土层的土壤养分含量存在着明显的垂直递减规律。西北干旱半干旱地区全膜双垄沟播玉米种植密度确定为6.75×104株/hm-2时,最佳施肥量为纯N 210kg/hm2、P2O5168kg/hm2。     

五指山猪小群体遗传学检测

本研究利用26个微卫星基因座对中国热带农业科学院热带作物品种资源研究所保种场的五指山猪小群体58个样本进行了遗传学检测,用非变性(中性)聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测微卫星的PCR扩增产物,统计了群体平均基因纯合率、等位基因数,利用等位基因频率计算出各群体的平均遗传杂合度(H)、多态信息含量(PIC)。统计结果:全群平均基因纯合率为66.5%;平均多态信息含量、平均观测杂合度为、平均期望杂合度分别为0.807、0.338、0.835;每个位点平均等位基因数为11.92,此结果说明该群体虽然近交程度较高,但仍具有丰富的遗传多样性,遗传变异较大。     

青藏高原燕麦人工草地营养体农业生产潜力的探讨

燕麦在青藏高原地区自然环境条件下有着独特的适应能力,并具有丰产、稳产的特征,在放牧牲畜冷季补饲中发挥着其它饲草饲料作物品种不可替代的作用,是解决冷季缺草、确保高寒草地畜牧业生产可持续发展的最佳品种。农业栽培技术措施的科学化、合理化应用对燕麦营养体农业生产蕴藏着巨大的潜力。