Modulation of neuronal activity and hepatic metabolism by ploidy and l‐carnitine supplement in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

l ‐carnitine, a multiphysiological, bioactive and pollution‐free additive, is known to act as a growth‐enhancer and appears to act as an antioxidant compound. However, high dosages may cause detrimental physiological effects to fish. Considering such, a feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of dietary l ‐carnitine content on neuronal activity (acetylcholinesterasic activity), hepatic metabolism (catalase activity) and liver histological markers in both diploid and triploid trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles. Fish were hand‐fed for 56 days on three nutritionally identical diets, varying in l ‐carnitine content; unsupplemented diet (15 mg kg^?1) and supplemented (200 or 530 mg kg^?1) diets. Moderate to severe glycogen/lipid depletion was the major liver histopathological disorder observed in all dietary groups. This cause–effect relationship appeared to be dose and time‐dependent, suggesting an important role of l ‐carnitine in the liver metabolism. Moreover, the hepatocite size and nuclear diameter appeared to be larger in l ‐carnitine supplemented groups than in control group. l ‐carnitine caused significant induction of catalase activity and inhibition of AChE. Diploid and triploid trouts showed marked differences in enzymatic activities, reflected by consistently higher values of AChE activities for triploid animals.     

Drusen and lipid-filled retinal pigment epithelium cells in a rhesus macula

A middle-aged rhesus monkey with detailed clinical history exhibited progression of a macular abnormality with a variety of clinical drusen and pigment changes typical of the Cayo Santiago phenotype. Numerous frozen sections of one sample of the macular retina/retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/choroid showed a single classical druse but extensive single and clustered lipid-filled RPE cells. The monkey exhibited functional outer retinal decline and an insignificant number of 'window defects' as found among signs of relatively benign human macular aging. The clinical and histologically defined results agree if lipid-filled RPE cells are included among the clinically apparent signs of drusen.     

年龄对SAMP8小鼠新物体再认能力的影响

探讨年龄对快速老化敏感小鼠8(SAMP8)短期再认记忆能力的影响.结果表明,与3及7月龄小鼠比较,11月龄SAMP8小鼠的新物体再认能力增强.与对照的11月龄SAMR1(快速老化抵抗小鼠1)小鼠比较,11月龄SAMP8小鼠的新物体再认能力也增强.这种记忆的增强不受性别因素的影响. 这些结果提示在衰老过程中,SAMP8小鼠的新物体再认能力增强.     

响应面优化微波催陈无花果酒及其质量评价

以微波时间(0、2、5、10、20 min),功率(0、200、400、600、800 W),次数(0、1、2、3、4次)为单因素,探究各因素对微波催陈无花果酒的影响;在单因素试验基础上,采用Box–Behnken响应面法优化催陈条件,并以熵权法对各指标(无花果酒酯类物质、醇类物质和酸类物质的含量及感官得分)赋权值,探索微波催陈无花果酒的最优条件。结果表明：各因素对无花果酒风味和品质影响较大,短时间的微波处理可提高其酯类物质含量,随着微波处理时间的延长,癸酸乙酯、E,E–10,12–十六烷–1–醇乙酸酯等消失,而8–十七碳烯酸甲酯和9,12–庚二酸甲酯分别在微波处理2、5 min时被检出,单一的延长时间并不能生成乙酸苯乙酯和棕榈酸乙酯等,但增加微波处理的功率或次数时乙酸苯乙酯和棕榈酸乙酯等可被检出;微波处理可提高苯乙醇含量,降低甲醇和有机酸含量;最佳微波催陈条件为微波功率400W、微波时间2min、微波2次,在此条件下催陈的无花果酒酯类物质总量较未催陈的升高了80.69%,高级醇总量、甲醇含量和酸类物质总量分别下降了25.32%、11.52%、6.20%,感官得分上升了10.39分,熵...     

关中奶山羊睾丸发育和衰老代谢谱分析

【目的】对体成熟和老龄关中奶山羊睾丸进行代谢组学分析,探究关中奶山羊睾丸衰老代谢规律,为睾丸衰老症提供代谢标志物。【方法】根据关中奶山羊年龄、体质量和精液质量,选择体成熟（24月龄,C组）和老龄（60月龄,T组）关中奶山羊公羊各6只,采集双侧睾丸组织样本,使用液相色谱串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）方法对睾丸组织代谢物进行检测分析,利用多维和单维相结合的统计方法对2组不同代谢物进行检测、对比与鉴别,通过富集差异代谢物筛选关中奶山羊睾丸发育和衰老代谢中的潜在关键通路。【结果】LC-MS/MS检测到2组关中奶山羊睾丸中有129种差异代谢物,与T组相比,C组有74种代谢物显著上调,55种显著下调;对前35个差异代谢物进行比较鉴定发现,21个显著上调,14个显著下调。通过对不同代谢产物的富集和分析,获得了9条潜在的关键代谢途径,即铁死亡、ABC转运蛋白、谷胱甘肽代谢、精氨酸生物合成、氨基酸糖和核苷酸糖代谢、胆碱在肿瘤中的代谢、精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢、嘌呤代谢及牛磺酸和亚牛磺酸代谢。【结论】筛选出了与关中奶山羊睾丸发育和衰老相关的129种差异代谢物,鉴定了前35种差异代谢物,获得了9条潜在的关键代谢通路。     

生物炭老化及其对重金属吸附固定的影响研究进展

生物炭是生物质在限氧条件下通过高温热解得到的富碳固体,其丰富的含氧官能团、较大的比表面积、高度的芳香性结构等特性,使得生物炭对重金属具有很好的固定作用,因此,生物炭在重金属污染土壤的修复方面具有良好的前景。目前关于生物炭的研究大多集中在新制备的生物炭对重金属污染土壤的短期修复,但生物炭进入土壤后,随着时间的推移,会受到各种地球自然力的作用,逐渐发生老化,老化过程会对生物炭的物理化学性质和吸附性能产生不可忽视的影响。本文系统性地综述了国内外生物炭老化方法以及老化处理对生物炭理化性质、重金属吸附性能和生物有效性的影响等方面的研究进展,阐明当前生物炭老化研究现状,并对未来生物炭老化研究的发展方向提出建议,以期为重金属污染土壤的长期修复提供理论支撑。     

基于DGT技术分析土壤重金属Cd、Ni的老化特征

为明确重金属在土壤中的老化进程,锁定关键影响因子,采用梯度扩散薄膜(DGT)技术探究了外源添加Cd和Ni两种重金属在6种不同类型土壤中的老化特性,并探讨了影响重金属老化过程的关键因子。结果表明:Cd、Ni在不同土壤中的老化过程差异性明显,Ni比Cd更易老化。进入土壤中的重金属老化过程大致分为3个阶段,添加后20～30 d为快速老化阶段,30～60 d为缓慢老化期,除个别高污染土壤外,其余土壤均在60 d后基本达到平衡。数据分析结果表明,6种土壤中Cd、Ni的老化平衡浓度由初始浓度决定,初始浓度、CEC等因子为影响Cd、Ni老化速率的主控因素。DGT作为一种原位、非破坏性、不引入外源离子的监测技术,可以动态展示土壤外源添加重金属在老化过程中的活性变化,对评估土壤重金属污染风险具有重要参考价值。     

Laboratory and environmental decay of wood–plastic composite boards: flexural properties

The flexural properties of wood–plastic composite (WPC) deck boards exposed to 9.5 years of environmental decay in Hilo, Hawaii, were compared to samples exposed to moisture and decay fungi for 12 weeks in the laboratory, to establish a correlation between sample flexural properties and calculated void volume. Specimens were tested for flexural strength and modulus, both wet and dry, at 23°C and 52°C. Some specimens degenerated to only 15% of original flexural strength. UV radiation had no impact on flexural properties of field-exposed boards; loss occurred mainly on the side opposite to the sun-exposed surface. The mechanism of the aging process on colonization of WPC by fungi was examined and is consistent with development of slow crack growth in the polyethylene matrix combined with wood decay by fungi. Wood particle decay, moisture, and elevated temperature were the major factors causing composite degradation, indicated by accumulation of voids and a severe decrease in flexural properties. To simulate long-term field impact (including decay) on WPC flexural properties in the laboratory, conditioning of specimens in hot water for an extended period of time is required. Exposure to water (70°C/5 days) was adequate for simulating long-term composite exposure in Hawaii of 4?×?15?×?86 mm³ specimens.     

家榆种子人工老化过程中的细胞形态学特征

以家榆种子为材料,在37℃、100%相对湿度下进行人工老化。应用电子显微镜、光学显微镜观察、细胞原位末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶标记(TUNEL)法检测家榆种子在人工老化条件下细胞发生凋亡的形态学特征。结果显示:老化第1天根冠少数几个细胞开始出现细胞凋亡;随着老化深入,生长点、子叶等多个部位开始有凋亡细胞出现;老化至第6天,部分凋亡细胞崩解,细胞质高度浓缩,剩余组织细胞膜的保护能力下降,出现真菌感染;同时,用外源Ca2+作为诱导剂对家榆种子进行处理,TUNEL法检测结果显示并未出现细胞凋亡。     

Demographics,societal aging,and meat consumption in China

Drawn on the data collected by surveying 1 340 urban households from six cities in China, this paper estimates the impacts of demographic structure and population aging on household meat consumption, by jointly considering meat consumed at home and away from home. Based on the trajectories of population, a simple simulation on meat demand trend in China is conducted subsequently. The results suggest: 1) Meat consumed away from home averagely accounts for near 30% of household total meat consumption in terms of quantity, so that its omission likely leads to a significant underestimate of total meat consumption and misunderstanding the driving forces; 2) population aging significantly and negatively affects per capita meat consumption, suggesting that the expected meat demand in China without considering population aging will be overestimated. The findings from this study have important implications for better understanding the relative issues on China's meat consumption under the situation of population aging.