温度对棉蚜实验种群的影响

本实验是在恒温下进行的。结果表明,随着温度的增高,初产若蚜的体重逐渐减轻。因而采用校正产蚜量的新方法建立了五种温度(15、18、22、25及29℃)下的时间繁殖特征生命表。其结论是:1)随着温度的增高,平均世代历期和生态寿命逐渐缩短;2)存活曲线为B型。年龄特征产若率呈瑞利分布;3)在稳定年龄组配中,若虫占60.69～71.85％,成虫占28.15～39.31％。内禀增长能力(人)与温度呈抛物线关系。当温度为23.75℃时,rm理论值最大。     

余庆县2006～2010年黑线姬鼠不同年龄组种群繁殖参数的变动规律

为进一步探讨黑线姬鼠不同年龄组种群繁殖参数的变动规律,采用夹夜法调查,收集鼠类标本。对贵州省余庆县2006～2010年捕获的701只黑线姬鼠(雌鼠327只,雄鼠374只)分析表明:黑线姬鼠种群总性比为0.87,不同年龄组种群性比存在一定差异。亚成年组、成年Ⅰ组、成年Ⅱ组、老年组均可参与繁殖,不同年龄组种群繁殖力存在显著差异,随着种群年龄的增长,怀孕率、胎仔数、繁殖指数、睾丸下降率不断增加,成年Ⅰ组、成年Ⅱ组、老年组是黑线姬鼠种群繁殖的主体,平均怀孕率为43.01%,平均胎仔数为5.11只,平均繁殖指数为0.9298,平均睾丸下降率为95.44%,均显著高于总体平均值。     

吉林省烤烟小苗膜下移栽技术

试验研究了吉林省烤烟小苗膜下移栽技术,以探明其对烟苗生长的微环境和肥料利用率及早生快发的影响。通过对不同的移栽苗龄及大田移栽期所培育烤烟的农艺性状、肥料利用率、烤后化学成分及经济性状的分析比较,结果表明:小苗膜下移栽使苗穴内能够保持相对稳定的温度,为幼苗提供适宜的生长环境,优于常规移栽方法。烟株的各项农艺性状表现较好,对肥料的利用率显著高于对照,烤后经济性状提高,化学成分协调性改善。小苗膜下移栽技术最佳移栽苗龄为6叶龄,最佳移栽时期为4月26日至5月1日。     

桑蚕活蛹的最适冷藏期研究

[目的]研究桑蚕活蛹的冷藏技术问题,为利于桑蚕活蛹的食用化利用途径拓展。[方法]将刚化蛹的蚕蛹6 h收集1次,分别单独存放,在不同的蛹龄时放入冰箱（2℃）中冷藏60 d左右。[结果]蛹龄≤12 h的蚕蛹Ⅰ、Ⅱ区的蛹色均有不同程度的变深;蛹龄〈24 h的蚕蛹,其存活率很低;蛹龄=48 h的蚕蛹,其外观在冷藏前后几乎无变化;蛹龄≥192 h的蚕蛹冷藏后无蚕蛹存活,同时出现了蚕蛹蛋白腐败后特有的蛹臭味。[结论]桑蚕在化蛹48 h后用2℃冷藏可达60 d以上。     

吉林林区养老社会保障制度的改革和完善

指出了吉林林区养老保障制度存在的问题，论证了深入改革的必要性和改革目标，同时对建立养老保障制度中一些主要问题提出了解决的办法．     

Observations on growth, sexual maturity and spawning performance of pond-reared Penaeus merguiensis

This 12‐month preliminary study investigated the development of sexual characters, primary sexual maturity, ovarian maturity and spawning performance of pond‐reared Penaeus merguiensis in relation to culture conditions in south‐east Queensland, Australia. Post‐larvae of P. merguiensis were produced and cultured in two 60‐m³ tanks during the first 14 weeks. Before winter, they were harvested and stocked in three different overwintering facilities: a 200‐m² covered pond, two 60‐m³ outdoor tanks and a 15‐m³ indoor, recirculated tank at a stocking density of 10 individuals m^?2. The development of sexual characters was found to be similar to that reported previously in wild P. merguiensis. Males matured at younger ages and smaller sizes than females. Overall, the average size at primary sexual maturity of pond‐reared P. merguiensis was 23.1 mm carapace length for males (possessed spermatophores) and 29.3 mm for females (being impregnated). Water temperature and the availability of natural food strongly influenced prawn growth, maturity rate and their subsequent spawning performance. Growth, maturity rate and spawning performance of prawns in the covered pond were significantly higher than in the other overwintering facilities. Prawns started mating at 6–7 months, reached full ovarian maturation and spawned as early as about 8 (peaked at 9–11) months from hatching, producing high fecundity and viable larvae. There was a strong relationship (P < 0.001) between prawn size and fecundity. The results of this study suggest a potential for using pond‐reared broodstock P. merguiensis for hatchery production and for domestication or selective breeding programmes.     

Analysis of optimal economic management regimes for Picea abies stands using a stage‐structured optimal‐control model

A stage‐structured model for projecting stand growth and yield is coupled with a gradient‐based algorithm to determine optimal treatment regimes for Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) plantations. The growth model forecasts the movement of trees between 3 cm diameter classes using a growth matrix that includes nonlinear equations for diameter growth. Because harvest treatments may be specified by tree diameter class, the model allows the determination of the optimal thinning timing, thinning intensity, and thinning type simultaneously with planting density and clearfelling age. The optimization model is used to determine treatment regimes with and without thinning for a wide range of values for economic and biological parameters. Results show that the optimal economic planting density is highly sensitive to interest rate, logging costs, planting costs and site class. For a given set of economic parameters, the optimal planting density is not sensitive to the number of thinnings performed or the thinning intensity. Top thinning is the optimal method for every regime in which thinning is scheduled. Results indicate that managers have great flexibility in choosing thinning schedules: few thinnings and shorter rotations give almost the same economic results as more frequent thinnings and longer rotations. Major uncertainties in these results and areas for further research are discussed.     

Determination of fiber length and juvenile and mature wood zones in Acer velutinum Boiss. trees grown in Iran

In our investigation we studied fiber lengths and the transition age from juvenile to mature wood in Acer velutinum Boiss. For this purpose, samples from three normal maple trees at a Noshahr site in northern Iran were selected. Disks were cut at breast height. Test samples were taken along a radial direction from the pith to the bark, accounting for every ring during a 48-year period. We used the Franklin method to distinguish between fibers of juvenile and mature wood. The results show that the fiber length increased along the radial direction from the pith to the bark. The transition age between juvenile and mature wood was determined at the 14th annual ring from the pith.     

Difference in cutting age for highest profit by methods for calculating CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> emission trading and the price of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>

 The amounts of CO₂ that are absorbed and emitted by forest in a model stand area were determined using two calculation methods, namely the flow approach and the stock approach for emission trading, to understand the relationships between the cutting age for the highest profit rate (CAHPR; optimum tree ages to be cut so as to maximize the profit) and (1) the prices of CO₂ and (2) the balance between CO₂ emission and absorption. The resultant CAHPR differed between these two CO₂ accounting methods, which give different tree ages for maximum log volume yield. A rise in CO₂ price caused the CAHPR to approach the tree age of maximum log volume in the flow approach method, and to deviate from the tree age of maximum log volume in the stock approach method. Even at the same CO₂ price, the CAHPR differed between the CO₂ accounting methods. At low CO₂ prices, the CAHPR did not affect situations where the difference of average profit is large by cutting age. On the other hand, the CAHPR was greatly affected at low CO₂ prices when the mean log volume growth changed with tree age. These trends were found to be universal. Received: September 18, 2001 / Accepted: October 25, 2002 Acknowledgments This study is one of the fifth science study subsidy projects of the Japan Forest Technology Association. Correspondence to:K. Sakata     

Development of site index curves for Pinus kesiya in the Philippines

This study was conducted to develop a height–age growth model and site index curves for site quality evaluation of old secondary-growth stands of Pinus kesiya in the northern Philippines. The Chapman-Richards growth function was used in the guide curve method to generate anamorphic site index curves for this species. In order to evaluate the developed model, coefficient of determination (R ² ), root mean square error (RMSE), bias (ē), absolute mean difference (AMD) and mean percent bias (MPB) were used as statistical criteria. The Chapman-Richards model explained about 96.84% of the total variation of the dominant height. The value of ē was ?0.004 m, AMD was 2.566 m, MPB was 3.88% and RMSE was 3.331. The site index curves developed as a result of this study are significant for forest managers in predicting the growth patterns and classification of site productivities for Pinus kesiya stands.