Reduction of (E)-2-nonenal and (E,E)-2,4-decadienal during sourdough fermentation

(E)-2-Nonenal and (E,E)-2,4-decadienal are key aroma compounds in wheat bread crumb. The fate of these unsaturated aldehydes in sourdoughs fermented with homo- and heterofermentative lactobacilli or baker's yeast was investigated, and the metabolic pathways in these microorganisms identified. Clear differences were observed between homofermentative lactobacilli, heterofermentative lactobacilli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Heterofermentative strains rapidly reduced the concentrations of these aldehydes in dough, whereas S. cerevisiae displayed a lower activity. Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis reduced the aldehydes to the corresponding unsaturated alcohols, whereas S. cerevisiae reduced both the aldehyde moiety and the double bond, resulting in the formation of the corresponding saturated alcohols. S. cerevisiae first reduced the aldehyde moiety and then the double bond. In L. sanfranciscensis, the reduction of aldehydes is coupled to the oxidation of NADH to NAD⁺, which enables this heterofermentative strain to produce additional ATP from glucose. L. sakei, a strain that produces only lactic acid during sourdough fermentation, did not metabolise the unsaturated aldehydes at all. Both L. sakei and S. cerevisiae appeared to enhance aldehyde formation during the first hours of dough fermentation, probably due to the hydrogen peroxide production by these two strains.     

乳酸菌固态混合发酵研究

以玉米粉、豆粕、麦麸为基质,以保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌为发酵菌种,采用固态发酵技术,以活菌数为指标,通过单因素和L9(34)正交试验确定了三种菌混合发酵的最佳条件,并对其发酵产物的常规营养成分进行分析测定。结果表明:固态基质中玉米粉:豆粕:麦麸=1:1:1、培养基初始含水量80%p、H值6.3、接种量为10%、三种菌接种比例为1:1:1、发酵温度40℃时的发酵效果最好。在此条件下,保加利亚乳杆菌数为3.0×109 CFU/g,嗜酸乳杆菌数为4.6×109 CFU/g,嗜热链球菌数为5.8×109 CFU/g,发酵产物粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和氨基酸态氮含量分别是发酵前的1.16、1.12和6.94倍。为开发一种新型生物饲料打下基础。     

BAF反应器中好氧反硝化细菌的筛选分离及反硝化特性研究

针对BAF反应器出水总氮浓度显著减少这一现象,以反应器中的生物膜为接种物,采用倍比稀释和酸碱指示剂培养基相结合的方法,成功筛选得到2株能有效降解硝酸盐氮的菌株N1和H1,从而证明好氧BAF反应器的生物膜中确实存在好氧反硝化细菌。经形态观察和生理生化特征分析,初步鉴定菌株N1和H1均为假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）。菌株N1和H1好氧反硝化特性测试表明其对硝酸盐氮的反硝化作用主要发生在对数生长期。生态影响因子试验确定菌株好氧反硝化过程主要影响因素是投菌量、温度、初始pH和C/N。适宜的反硝化运行参数分别为：投菌量5%和10%,温度30℃和25℃,初始pH值6.0, C/N（摩尔比）12.0:1和4.6:1。该研究可为好氧BAF工艺短程同步硝化反硝化的设计和运行提供理论和技术支持。     

水浸泡玉米秸基质对番茄育苗效果的影响

草炭是一种广泛应用的优良作物栽培基质,过度开采会对环境造成危害,研究性能稳定能够替代草炭基质的材料一直受到国内外的重视。该文把单位体积的玉米秸基质加入2倍体积的水中浸泡不同时间,风干后与一定比例的蛭石混配作为育苗基质,以草炭基质为对照,进行番茄育苗试验。在育苗期间,定期观测幼苗地上部、地下部的相关形态指标及干物质积累指标,研究水浸泡时间对玉米秸基质育苗效果的影响,结果表明：水浸泡的玉米秸基质能促进番茄幼苗的生长,增加地上部、地下部及全株鲜质量和干质量,并且这种效果随播种后天数的延长表现的更为明显;不同浸泡时间对番茄幼苗生长的影响有差异,延长浸泡时间对番茄幼苗的生长和干物质积累有明显促进作用,但浸泡时间过长,这种效果有减弱趋势,以浸泡10 d的处理育苗效果最优。浸泡10 d的玉米秸基质可以替代草炭基质用于番茄育苗,水浸泡是改良玉米秸基质理化性状的有效措施。     

自然干燥甜高粱茎秆长期贮藏及乙醇发酵研究

为了延长甜高粱乙醇生产原料供应时间,将甜高梁茎秆自然干燥后用于长期贮藏.分别考察干燥和长期贮藏过程糖分变化,结果显示,自然干燥过程中,茎秆的含水率(干基)由80％降低至18％时,总糖损失率为3.85％;不同含水率的茎秆经6个月长期贮藏,含水率为22％以下茎秆中的总糖和还原糖基本保持不变.表明自然干燥过程使总糖损失较小,22％可作为甜高粱茎秆干燥贮藏的“安全含水率”.通过考察干燥的茎秆乙醇发酵的可行性,结果表明,固态发酵24 h即可达到终点,基质中的乙醇质量分数可以达67.06 mg/g(干基),发酵过程基本正常.通过该研究,表明自然干燥可作为甜高粱茎秆长期贮藏的一种较为有效的加工方式,可为解决甜高粱乙醇周年生产的原料供应问题提供一定技术参考.     

多株益生菌复合饲料发酵剂的应用效果试验

选择180头"外三元"肥育猪,分小、中、大猪三个试验组,同时饲喂3种试验日粮(即三组饲料原料的发酵产品),每种试验日粮的饲喂量分成3个水平,并以饲喂基础日粮(即全价配合饲料)为对照。饲喂45 d(正试期30 d)后,统计日增重,并屠宰大猪测定猪肉品质。结果表明:与单纯饲喂基础日粮相比,添加试验日粮Ⅰ、试验日粮Ⅱ、试验日粮Ⅲ的育肥猪的生产性能明显提高,日均增重分别提高了13.6%～17.1%(P<0.05)、1.8%～8.9%、3.5%～13.8%,肉质明显改善,猪肉滴水损失分别降低了33.72%、16.17%2、2.61%,且肌肉粗蛋白、肌肉脂肪含量有不同程度的提高。     

豆粕固态限定发酵和强化发酵的研究

本文采用短乳杆菌、酵母菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和地表芽孢杆菌进行豆粕固态限定发酵和强化发酵的研究,对发酵过程中小分子蛋白含量、菌量、pH及胰蛋白酶抑制剂活性等进行了测定.结果表明:纯菌条件下,接种短乳杆菌和地衣芽孢杆菌实验组限定发酵的小分子蛋白含量分别为31.0%和28.3%,高于接种酵母菌试验组的22.4%.且小分子蛋白积累高峰时间为48～72 h;接种地表芽孢杆菌实验组的胰蛋白酶抑制剂降解率高于接种短乳杆菌或酵母菌实验组.豆粕天然发酵试验组的小分子蛋白含量和胰蛋白酶抑制剂降解率分别为22.2%和44.1%.接种短乳杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌试验组的小分子蛋白含量和胰蛋白酶抑制剂降解率分别为32.4%、99.5%和29.3%、99.7%.表明接种强化发酵有助于小分子蛋白含量的提高和胰蛋白酶抑制剂的降解.     

棉秆生物发酵利用的研究进展

论文对棉秆的几种常见处理方法进行了分析,阐述了发酵棉秆在畜牧业和农业上的利用,展望了棉秆发酵的前景。     

淡紫拟青霉最佳液体培养基和发酵条件研究

采用正交实验对淡紫拟青霉IPC菌株的发酵培养基进行了研究,得到了适合其发酵培养的复合培养基配方,另外试验还证实适当增加通气量,发酵初始酸碱度控制在pH5－6、发酵温度在29℃更适合该菌株液体深层发酵。     

Chitosan associated with whole raw soybean in diets for Murrah buffaloes on ruminal fermentation,apparent digestibility and nutrients metabolism

This study aimed to investigate the effects of chitosan and whole raw soybean on nutrient intake, apparent digestibility, nitrogen utilization, microbial protein synthesis, blood metabolites, feeding behavior, ruminal fermentation, digesta kinetics, and reticular flow of nutrients of buffaloes. Four ruminally‐cannulated Murrah buffaloes (351 ± 15 kg of initial BW) were randomly assigned according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments were arranged as 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: the first factor was whole raw soybean (WRS), and the second factor was chitosan (CHI) with or without their inclusion in diets. Intake and apparent digestibility of ether extract (p < .01; p = .04, respectively), non‐fiber carbohydrates intake (p = .03) and apparent ruminal digestibility of dry matter (p = .01) were affected by diets. An interaction effect or tendency was observed for microbial nitrogen (p = .09), concentrations, ruminal ammonia nitrogen (p = .05), total volatile fatty acid (p = .03). Association of chitosan with whole raw soybean has potential effects as a modulator of rumen fermentation; therefore, chitosan can be applied as an alternative non‐ionophore for Murrah buffaloes.