不同乳酸菌添加量和发酵时间对全株玉米青贮营养价值及发酵品质的影响

本试验以登海605玉米品种为材料,于蜡熟期2/3乳线时进行刈割,乳酸菌制剂的添加量分别为0,10,20和30 mg·kg^-1,4个处理,每个处理4个重复,在室温条件下发酵45和90 d,取样测定营养成分、发酵品质和瘤胃降解率等指标,旨在研究不同乳酸菌添加量和发酵时间对全株玉米青贮营养价值的影响。结果表明:干物质(DM)受乳酸菌添加量和发酵时间的影响较小,差异不显著(P>0.05);随乳酸菌添加量的增加,发酵90 d的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量显著线性降低(P=0.018),而相对饲喂价值(RFV)显著线性增加(P=0.006)。发酵90 d的酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量和pH值较45 d显著降低(P<0.01),而乳酸和乙酸含量显著增加(P<0.05)。随乳酸菌添加量的增加,乳酸含量显著线性增加(P<0.05)。24 h的DM和NDF消化率受乳酸菌添加量和发酵时间的影响较小,差异不显著(P>0.05)。发酵90 d时,48 h DM降解率随乳酸菌添加量的增加显著线性增加(P=0.034),48 h NDF降解率较45 d显著增加(P=0.022)。发酵90 d时,20 mg·kg^-1组的RFV、总可消化养分(TDN)和有机酸含量最高,而pH值最低。综上所述,乳酸菌添加量和发酵时间对全株玉米青贮的营养成分含量、发酵品质和DM瘤胃降解率均有显著影响,全株玉米青贮在发酵90 d且乳酸菌添加量为20 mg·kg^-1的营养价值和发酵品质最优。     

添加剂对紫花苜蓿青贮饲料发酵品质的影响

为提高紫花苜蓿青贮饲料的发酵品质,抑制不饱和脂肪酸的损失,以无添加剂为对照,研究了添加剂：苯甲酸钠、酪蛋白酸钠、十六烷酸、糖蜜和丙酸,对紫花苜蓿青贮饲料发酵品质和脂肪酸的影响。青贮65 d后开窖,检测发酵品质指标和各种脂肪酸的含量。结果表明：对照组的pH低于4.50,乳酸含量达到54.25 g·kg^-1 DM,丁酸含量低于5.00 g·kg^-1 DM,弗氏评分为64.33,具有良好的发酵品质。与青贮前相比,青贮后苜蓿青贮饲料中的亚油酸（C18：2n6）和亚麻酸（C18：3n3）的含量显著增加（P<0.05）。青贮后,与对照组相比,十六烷酸和酪蛋白酸钠添加组分别不显著（P>0.05）和显著地（P<0.05）降低了乳酸含量;酪蛋白酸钠添加组增加了丁酸含量（P<0.05）;二者的弗氏评分低于50.00,降低了发酵品质。与此相反,苯甲酸钠、丙酸和糖蜜添加组不同程度地增加了乳酸含量,降低了pH,减少了氨态氮和酸性洗涤纤维的含量,弗氏评分分别为70.33、74.33和67.67,进一步提高了青贮发酵品质。与对照相比,苯甲酸钠和丙酸添加组不同程度地增加了C18：2n6或C18：3n3的含量,而糖蜜添加组降低了C18：2n6和C18：3n3的含量（P<0.05）。综上所述,丙酸和苯甲酸钠适宜于作为青贮添加剂生产优质紫花苜蓿青贮饲料。     

体外产气法评价不同分级指数玉米青贮—苜蓿干草组合发酵特性

为明确不同分级指数（Grading index,GI）下牦牛日粮粗饲料营养情况,本试验选取了5种不同GI（7.20,6.43,5.66,4.89,4.12）的玉米青贮—苜蓿干草组合,其质量比分别为70：30,60：40,50：50,40：60,30：70,进行牦牛瘤胃体外发酵试验,旨在探究不同组合下牦牛瘤胃体外发酵效果。试验结果表明：发酵48 h时,GI=7.20组合的累积产气量（Gas production,GP）显著高于或极显著高于其他组合（P<0.05或P<0.01）;各GI组合的干物质降解率（Dry matter degradation in vitro,IVDMD）差异不显著（P>0.05）;发酵3 h和12 h时,GI=7.20组合的中性洗涤纤维降解率（Neutral detergent fiber in vitro,IVNDFD）与GI=6.43组合差异不显著但极显著高于其他GI组合（P<0.01）;3 h,6 h,12 h,24 h时的氨态氮（NH₃-N）浓度随着GI降低呈现出减小趋势,48 h时的NH₃-N浓度随着GI降低呈现出先减小后增加趋势,GI=7.20时的NH₃-N浓度最大;发酵48 h时,各GI组合的微生物蛋白（Microbial protein,MCP）浓度差异不显著（P>0.05）,但GI=7.20时的MCP浓度最大;发酵48 h时,乙酸、丙酸、总挥发性脂肪酸（Total volatile fatty acid,TVFA）浓度随着GI降低呈现出减小趋势,GI=7.20时的乙酸、丙酸、TVFA浓度最大;各GI组合发酵6 h~48 h均呈现了正组合效应,综合组合效应值（Multiply factors associative effects index,MFAEI）随着GI减小呈现先减小后增大的趋势,且各时间段GI=7.20组合的MFAEI高于其他GI组合。综上所述,GI值为7.20玉米青贮—苜蓿干草组合的牦牛瘤胃体外发酵效果最优。     

外环流式发酵罐用于玉米生料酒精发酵的研究

对玉米粉悬浮液沉降情况的研究表明,沉降界面初始沉降速度随初始浓度的增加而减小。对外环 流式发酵罐用于玉米生料酒精发酵进行研究,结果表明,起始阶段,玉米粉悬浮液要在外环流式发酵罐中完成强制 回流循环,必然存在一个最小回流量Q;通过恒流泵强制发酵醪循环可以显著缓解原料沉淀造成的不利影响,有利 于发酵罐中的传质;发酵20 h,强制循环发酵液中酵母细胞出芽率较自然发酵提高84．8％,死亡率降低100％,发 酵70 h时酒精度提高11．5％;采用外环流式发酵罐进行玉米生料发酵酒精时,较大的高径比对发酵有利。     

浆水芹菜发酵过程中硝酸还原酶活性和亚硝酸盐含量的变化

为了给浆水芹菜的安全生产和消费提供理论依据,以芹菜为原料,在不同热烫时间、发酵温度和不同食盐含量条件下进行浆水芹菜发酵,测定了发酵过程中芹菜硝酸还原酶活性、亚硝酸盐含量及发酵汁pH的变化。结果表明,发酵过程中硝酸还原酶活性和亚硝酸盐含量的变化趋势基本一致,即随着发酵时间的延长逐渐增大,到第3天达最大值,然后迅速下降到较低水平;pH为4.5时硝酸还原酶活性与亚硝酸盐含量均达最大值;硝酸还原酶活性和亚硝酸盐含量在热烫3 min、发酵温度25~30℃、食盐含量为40 g/kg时均较低。     

Dietary replacement of fish meal by defatted and fermented soybean meals with taurine supplementation for pompano fish: effects on growth performance,nutrient digestibility,and biological parameters in a long-term feeding period

A 16-wk growth trial was conducted to examine the effects of dietary replacement of fish meal by defatted soybean meal (SBM) and fermented soybean meal (FSBM) with taurine supplementation on growth performance, nutrient apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) and biological parameters of pompano fish. The FSBM was produced by fermenting SBM with Lactobacillus spp. Seven isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to replace 35% or 50% of fish meal by SBM or FSBM with taurine supplementation. The diets are denoted as follows: FM, SBM35, SBM35T, FSBM35T, SBM50, SBM50T, and FSBM50T. The FM (the basal diet) contained fish meal as a main source of dietary protein. Taurine was supplemented to SBM35T, FSBM35T, SBM50T, and FSBM50T at the level of 15 g/kg diet. Pompano juveniles with an initial body weight (BW) of 80 g reared in floating net cages were fed the experimental diets twice daily for 16 wk. Results showed that the final BW, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio of fish fed SBM35 and SBM50 were significantly lower than those of fish fed FM (P < 0.05), indicating that the replacement of fish meal by SBM at the rate of 35% in the diet is excessive for pompano. Supplementation of taurine to the SBM-included diets significantly increased growth performance and feed utilization (P < 0.05); however, these diets did not restore the performance back to a level equivalent to that of fish offered the basal diet. Meanwhile, fish fed FSBM35T had comparable growth and feed performances to those fed FM. Hematocrit values, total biliary bile acid levels, whole body lipid contents, and tissue taurine concentrations of fish fed SBM35 and SBM50 were the lowest among the treatments, but these parameters were improved by taurine supplementation and FSBM inclusion in the diet. Taurine supplementation increased lipid ADC, and SBM fermentation slightly enhanced both lipid and protein ADCs of the fish. These findings suggest that the combination of FSBM and taurine supplementation is an effective way to improve growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and biological parameters, and that FSBM with taurine supplementation can replace 35% of fish meal in pompano diets without any negative effects on growth and feed performances in a long-term feeding period.     

Effects of three major protein sources on performance,gut morphology and fermentation characteristics in broilers

ABSTRACT

1. This study determined the effects of three protein sources (PS), each at two digestibility crude protein (DCP) levels, on performance, gut morphology and fermentation characteristics in the hindgut of broilers.

2. It was hypothesised that broilers fed ingredients high in indigestible CP, i.e. rapeseed meal (RSM) or maize gluten (MG), could potentially cause reduced growth, impaired gut health, and more protein fermentation products in caecal digesta. Increasing the DCP level in each of the indigestible CP diets may compensate for these detrimental effects.

3. In total, 288 one-d-old male Ross 308 broilers were used in a completely randomised 3 × 2 factorial design, with six replicate pens per treatment. Three PS: soybean meal (SBM), rapeseed meal (RSM) or maize gluten (MG), and two DCP levels: 15.8 and 17.2% were used.

4. Broilers fed SBM had increased feed intake and BWG and improved FCR compared with those fed RSM and MG diets. Broilers fed high DCP had better performance compared with those on low DCP. No significant effects of PS or DCP level were found on gastrointestinal tract development, caecal ammonia or volatile fatty acid concentrations.

5. Broilers fed SBM had longer villi, smaller crypts and increased villus height to crypt depth ratio compared with those fed RSM and MG diets. Broilers fed RSM diet had a lower caecal pH, and had 16.5% and 14.9% more branched chain fatty acid contents in caecal digesta compared with those fed SBM and MG diets, respectively, indicating more proteolytic fermentation.

6. Replacing SBM by RSM and MG negatively affected growth performance and gut morphology. Hindgut protein fermentation was substantially increased in RSM fed birds.

7. To a certain extent, retarded growth performance in RSM and MG fed birds could be counterbalanced by increasing the dietary level of digestible CP.     

全株甘蔗的奶牛瘤胃降解特性及其替代奶牛饲粮苜蓿、燕麦草及精料的应用研究

本试验旨在探究全株甘蔗的奶牛瘤胃降解特性及其替代奶牛饲粮中苜蓿、燕麦草及精料对奶牛瘤胃发酵、营养物质表观消化率、血液生化指标及生产性能的影响,为其替代奶牛饲粮中价格日益攀升的苜蓿和精饲料,并用作奶牛粗饲料资源开辟新途径。试验一采用半体内试验即瘤胃尼龙袋技术,探究了全株甘蔗、国产羊草与国产苜蓿各营养成分的瘤胃降解特性;试验二采用重复3×3拉丁方试验设计,选择体重、胎次、泌乳天数和产奶量相近并装有永久瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛进行消化试验,探究全株甘蔗替代饲粮25%或50%的美国进口苜蓿对奶牛营养物质消化率、瘤胃发酵特性和血液生化指标的影响;试验三选取60头胎次、产奶量和泌乳天数相近的荷斯坦奶牛进行生产试验,探究了全株甘蔗分别替代饲粮30%苜蓿干草、50%燕麦草或10%精料对奶牛生产性能、血液生化指标和牧场经济效益的影响。结果发现：1）全株甘蔗干物质（DM）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）的有效降解率显著高于国产羊草（P<0.05）,中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和有机物（OM）的有效降解率显著高于国产羊草和国产苜蓿（P<0.05）。2）用全株甘蔗替代饲粮25%或50%美国进口苜蓿对奶牛瘤胃pH、氨态氮（NH₃-N）（除25%组4 h外）和挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）含量无显著影响;对奶牛干物质采食量（DMI）及饲粮DM、粗蛋白质（CP）、OM和ADF消化率无显著影响,而全株甘蔗替代饲粮50%美国进口苜蓿组的NDF消化率显著升高（P<0.05）;全株甘蔗替代饲粮中50%美国进口苜蓿组2和8 h血清尿素氮含量显著低于25%组和对照组（P<0.05）,且各处理组不同时间点血液β-羟丁酸含量、瘤胃各VFA和总VFA含量均无显著差异。3）用全株甘蔗替代高产奶牛饲粮中50%燕麦草、30%苜蓿干草或10%精料对奶牛血液中的葡萄糖、尿素氮、β-羟丁酸和非酯化脂肪酸（NEFA）等含量及产奶量均无显著影响,且综合产奶量和饲料成本两方面的因素,各替代组分别比对照组每头奶牛的经济效益增加3.28、7.48和1.62元·d^-1。由此可知,全株甘蔗是一种可供奶牛食用的消化率较高的优质粗饲料,且用其替代饲粮中的25%或50%美国进口苜蓿不影响奶牛的瘤胃发酵特性和营养物质表观消化率;用其替代30%苜蓿干草、50%燕麦草或10%精料不会影响奶牛的血液生化指标及生产性能,还会提高牧场的经济效益。     

日粮中添加黄芪多糖对锦江黄牛瘤胃体外发酵及养分降解率的影响

[目的]试验旨在探究不同水平黄芪多糖(astragalus polysaccharides, APS)对锦江黄牛瘤胃体外发酵指标及养分降解率的影响。[方法]选取4头健康并安装永久瘤胃瘘管的锦江黄牛公牛,采集瘤胃液。采用单因素试验设计,试验分为6组,每组4个重复,在基础日粮中分别添加0、0.25%、0.5%、1.0%、2.0%和4.0%的黄芪多糖,体外发酵24 h后测定发酵参数、养分降解率,并评定多项指标综合指数(MFAEI)。[结果]结果表明,与对照组相比,1.0%和2.0%添加组的瘤胃液菌体蛋白(MCP)含量均显著升高(P<0.05);2.0%添加组的氨态氮(NH3-N)含量显著降低(P<0.05);1.0%添加组的丙酸含量显著升高(P<0.05),乙丙酸比值显著下降(P<0.05);0.5%、2.0%和4.0%添加组的粗蛋白(CP)降解率极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);各添加组的总产气量、pH、乙酸含量、干物质(DM)降解率、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)降解率及中性洗涤纤维(NDF)降解率与对照组相比均无显著变化(P>0.05)。MFAEI指数评定结...     

淀粉酶在传统酿醋中的应用

目前我国食醋生产普遍采用固态发酵法,利用麸曲作为糖化剂。本研究中用酶制剂代替常规生产中的麸曲,可以减去麸曲生产的工序,降低劳动强度和生产成本,缩短生产周期4～6天,加快发酵速度,提高了食醋生产的经济效益。通过试验确定了生产中适宜的用酶量:α—淀粉酶8单位/克淀粉,葡萄糖淀粉酶30单位/克淀粉,掌握了酶对食醋发酵的影响及其发酵规律。