畜禽养殖废水脱氮除磷研究进展

笔者介绍了SBR、上流式活性污泥床、fiehl prototype工艺等几种目前国内外较典型的集约化养殖场废水处理方法,比较了它们在脱氮除磷方面的优缺点及其应用和研究情况,简述了畜禽养殖废水脱氮除磷现状.最后对畜禽养殖废水脱氮除磷存在的问题进行了探讨,同时对其发展趋势进行了展望.     

冰核细菌的定量分离研究

 冰核细菌可能是自然界中诱发和加重霜冻敏感植物发生霜冻害的重要原因之一。由于单个的冰核细菌细胞并不具有冰核活性,因此,研究植物上冰核细菌的种群数量或密度是研究冰核细菌与植物霜冻害关系的关键。从云南省的元江、寻甸、河口、呈贡、临沧、陆良、宣威、曲靖、富民、昆明市官渡区及越南老街等地采集到108种植物共166个标样中,有45个标样分离共到71株冰核细菌,标样中冰核细菌的检出率为27.1％,最低密度为6.0×10⁴ CFU/g,最高密度为5.12×10⁹ CFU/g。其余121个标样经再次分离未检测冰核细菌,占总标样数的72.9％。在云南植物上,用稀释平板法可检测冰核细菌的最低密度为2.0×10⁴ CFU／g.     

番茄酱中好氧细菌分离方法的研究

新疆番茄制品出口量占全国的90;,近年来外商对其安全卫生提出了许多技术要求,国内番茄制品生产企业也陷入番茄制品胖听、平听的技术障碍,至今国内尚无相应的微生物检测技术和标准.采用锰营养、甘露醇卵黄多粘菌素、嗜热耐酸杆菌、脂耐热嗜酸杆菌、溴甲酚紫葡萄糖肉汤、平酸菌增菌和液体硫乙醇酸盐7种液体培养基对供试番茄酱在37和55℃下培养.通过不同培养时间培养液的O.D值、pH值、菌体形态和菌落特征的研究,确定出锰营养和平酸菌增菌培养基为该类菌的最适液体培养基,嗜热耐酸杆菌和平酸菌增菌琼脂培养基为最佳固体培养基.分离出的菌株经VITEK-32生化鉴定,主要细菌分别为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)和矮小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus),均为产酸不产气可导致平酸腐败的好氧芽孢菌.     

野生与养殖银鲳消化道菌群结构中产酶菌的对比分析

实验对野生和养殖银鲳胃、幽门盲囊、前肠、中肠、后肠菌群结构进行了定性对比分析,并对产蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶、纤维素酶的菌株进行了鉴定。结果发现,野生和养殖种群的消化道菌群结构存在较大差异,且同一种群消化道各部分之间菌群结构也存在较大差异。尽管养殖和野生银鲳均在幽门盲囊中具有最多的可培养细菌菌株,但野生银鲳消化道内主要菌群为嗜冷菌属(Psychrobacter)和Pseudochrobactrum,养殖银鲳消化道主要菌群为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)和假单孢菌属(Pseudomonas),两种群共有细菌仅一株,即Psychrobacter piscatorii strain VSD503,但其分别存在于野生与养殖种群银鲳消化道的不同部位。在产酶菌株筛选中发现,野生银鲳消化道内分离到16株产酶菌,其中44%可培养菌能产蛋白酶,56%能产淀粉酶,11%能产脂肪酶,56%能产纤维素酶,部分菌株可产2株以上的消化酶,其中产3种以上酶的菌株有5株,且产酶量丰富。相对于野生银鲳,养殖银鲳消化道内分离到22株产酶菌,主要以产蛋白酶和淀粉酶为主,70%可培养菌可产蛋白酶,21%可产淀粉酶,仅Bacillus thuringiensis strain VITGS可产纤维素酶,无一株菌产脂肪酶,其中只有Bacillus thuringiensis strain VITGS产3种酶但产酶量相对较少。研究可为银鲳人工养殖中潜在益生菌的筛选提供理论依据。     

Health-beneficial effects of probiotics: Its mode of action

It is now widely recognized that probiotics have health-beneficial effects on humans and animals. Probiotics should survive in the intestinal tract to exert beneficial effects on the host's health. To keep a sufficient level of probiotic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract, a shorter interval between doses may be required. Although adherence to the intestinal epithelial cell and mucus is not a universal property of probiotics, high ability to adhere to the intestinal surface might strongly interfere with infection of pathogenic bacteria and regulate the immune system. The administration of probiotic Lactobacillus stimulated indigenous Lactobacilli and the production of short-chain fatty acids. This alteration of the intestinal environment should contribute to maintain the host's health. The immunomodulatory effects of probiotics are related to important parts of their beneficial effects. Probiotics may modulate the intestinal immune response through the stimulation of certain cytokine and IgA secretion in intestinal mucosa. The health-beneficial effects, in particular the immunomodulation effect, of probiotics depend on the strain used. Differences in indigenous intestinal microflora significantly alter the magnitude of the effects of a probiotic. Specific probiotic strains suitable for each animal species and their life stage as well as each individual should be found.     

硝化细菌浓度及滤料对养殖水中氨氮处理效果的影响

分别研究了不同硝化细菌浓度(0、20、60、120 mL/100 L)和不同微生物滤料(珊瑚石、锅炉煤渣、牡蛎壳)对养殖水中氨氮处理效果的影响。结果显示,添加硝化细菌后,水体中的氨氮浓度呈现下降趋势,在8～12 h出现极低值后,开始上升,但上升速度较慢;随着水体中硝化细菌添加量的增加,水体中的氨氮浓度下降速度加快;水体中亚硝酸氮浓度呈现先上升后下降的趋势,并在4～6 h出现极高值,然后迅速下降,且硝化细菌添加量越高,下降速度越快。硝化细菌对以珊瑚石和锅炉煤渣为滤料的养殖水体中氨氮和亚硝酸氮的处理效果显著优于牡蛎壳,但珊瑚石和锅炉煤渣之间无显著差异。综合试验结果,应急水质处理时,硝化细菌菌剂的添加量以一次60 mL/100 L(或以活菌计数为1.2×109个/100 L)、间隔24 h添加1次为宜;经过脱硫筛选之后的锅炉煤渣可以作为循环水养殖用滤料。     

水和磷互作对红壤丘岗地区旱作水稻生物量和产量的影响

通过盆栽和大田试验研究了水和磷互作对旱作水稻生物量和产量的影响。研究表明:土壤含水量和施磷量对旱作水稻生物量和产量有极显著的影响,且二者的交互作用十分明显,影响程度以籽粒> 茎>根。上壤含水量为饱和持水量的60%时对旱作水稻生物量和产量影响较大,而80%和100%时几乎没有影响。旱作水稻生物量和产量均随施磷量的增加而增加。这说明控制土壤水分为饱和持水量的80%时就能完全满足旱作水稻的生长,但要求获得较高的产量时必须注意磷肥的投入,或者采取一些凋控措施提高土壤磷的利用率。     

Effects of concentrate‐to‐forage ratios and 2‐methylbutyrate supplementation on ruminal fermentation,bacteria abundance and urinary excretion of purine derivatives in Chinese Simmental steers

This study evaluated the effects of dietary concentrate levels and 2‐methylbutyrate (2MB ) supplementation on performance, ruminal fermentation, bacteria abundance, microbial enzyme activity and urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD ) in steers. Eight ruminally cannulated Simmental steers (12 months of age; 389 ± 3.7 kg of body weight) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Moderate‐concentrate (400 g/kg diet [MC ]) or high‐concentrate (600 g/kg diet [HC ]) diets were fed with or without 2MB (0 g/day [2MB ?] or 15.0 g/day [2MB +]). Dry matter intake and average daily gain increased, but feed conversion ratio decreased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. Ruminal pH decreased, but total volatile fatty acid increased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. Molar proportion of acetate and acetate‐to‐propionate ratio decreased with the HC diet, but increased with 2MB supplementation. Propionate molar proportion and ruminal NH ₃‐N content increased with the HC diet, but decreased with 2MB supplementation. Neutral detergent fibre degradability decreased with the HC diet, but increased with 2MB supplementation. Crude protein degradability increased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. Abundance of Ruminococcus albus , Ruminococcus flavefaciens , Fibrobacter succinogenes and Bufyrivibrio fibrisolvens as well as activities of carboxymethyl cellulase, cellobiase, xylanase and pectinase decreased with the HC diet, but increased with 2MB supplementation. However, abundance of Prevotella ruminicola and Ruminobacter amylophilus as well as activities of α‐amylase and protease increased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. Total PD excretion also increased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. The results suggested that growth performance, ruminal fermentation, CP degradability and total PD excretion increased with increasing dietary concentrate level from 40% to 60% or 2MB supplementation. The observed diet × 2MB interaction indicated that supplementation of 2MB was more efficacious for improving growth performance, ruminal fermentation and total PD excretion with promoted ruminal bacteria abundance and enzyme activity in the MC diet than in the HC diet.     

整合子与细菌多重耐药性

细菌的多重耐药已成为临床治疗的难题,其耐药机制、耐药基因的传播与转移是近年来研究的热点。近来研究表明,细菌中存在一种能捕获和表达基因的遗传单位———整合子在细菌获得耐药机制中起了重要作用。整合子编码一个整合酶负责基因盒在重组位点attⅠ和attC上的插入及切除,同时整合子也提供一个启动子(Pant)负责基因盒耐药基因的表达。整合子携带着重组的基因盒插入到转座子或接合质粒中,在不同的细菌间运动而传播耐药性,同时一个整合子可以捕获多个基因盒,对细菌多重耐药的形成起重要作用。现就整合子的结构、类型、基因盒的种类与表达及其与细菌多重耐药性的有关研究进行综述。     

烟草青枯病内生拮抗菌的筛选、鉴定及其防效测定

 植物体内的大量微生物,在进化的过程中,由于长期生活在植物特定部位,因而与植物形成了一种特殊的关系,这些微生物在植物体内大量繁殖和扩散,有望成为生物防治有潜力的微生物。内生细菌是植物体内大量存在的微生物之一,具有在植株体内分布广、定殖能力强、防效好以及增殖和扩散快等优点,因而成为发展前景很好的植物病害生防菌。