物理化学教学中体现的科学研究规律和方法

科学研究的一般规律和方法是具有创新能力人才所必须掌握的.文章介绍了物理化学教学过程中所体现出来的科学研究的一般规律和方法.     

Soil pH Change and Crop Responses with Long-Term Liming Applications in Tilled and Untilled Systems

An 8-year field study measured soil pH changes annually at various depth increments. Limestone was applied to tilled and untilled field strips annually for 8 years at either a 2.0 Mg/ha rate (100% calcium carbonate efficiency) and once every 4 years at the 8.0 Mg/ha rate (100% calcium carbonate efficiency), or as a water-treatment-plant limestone by-product in two replicated field trials. Liming materials increased soil pH in the 0- to 5-cm and 5- to 10-cm depths with time in untilled soils. Incorporated liming materials increased soil pH faster at the 5- to 10-cm depth and increased soil pH at the 10- to 15-cm depth. Mean maize and soybean grain yields increased for all liming materials, and maize ear leaf P and soybean shoot P and Ca increased after liming at the last year of the study. Consistent surface applications of liming materials without incorporation can mitigate acidification and improve crop yields in highly buffered soils.     

汽蒸处理对落叶松木材化学性质的影响

本文研究了兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii Rupr.)生材于常压下,汽蒸1、2、4、8、16、32、49、64、96h,试样化学成分的变化。结果表明:汽蒸是落叶松成材干燥工艺中十分有效的预处理工序,不仅能除去影响落叶松木材气体渗透性的树脂类物质,同时还能除去影响落叶松木材液体渗透性的水溶性物质,这种水溶性物质的主要成分是阿拉伯半乳聚糖。汽蒸过程中木材的酸度逐渐增加,同时材面颜色亦随之变深。汽蒸过程中综纤维素含量稍有下降,木素含量略有增大。试样中LCC价键断裂程度加深,少量降解程度大的低聚合度级份的半纤维素由材面溶出,其它级份的半纤维素亦有不同程度的水解降解。为了彻底除去树脂中的挥发性成分,汽蒸处理时间不应少于4h。     

海水磷酸盐分析方法的优化和试剂稳定性研究

对《海洋调查规范》中测定海水磷酸盐的常规方法进行了优化 ,达到了简化过程 ,缩短分析时间以适应水下现场自动分析的目标。此外 ,实验还对磷酸盐测定所使用的试剂及标准贮备液的稳定性进行了一系列的研究 ,改进试剂保存方法 ,延长试剂使用寿命 ,以满足长期现场测定的要求     

高职院校基础化学实验学习评价的探索

从评价过程、评价方式、考核内容、成绩构成、考核职能和教学管理等多角度,对多元化的化学实验学习评价体系进行探讨,提出了多元化的考核方式。     

高职院校计算机应用基础课程改革初探

探讨了高职院校计算机应用基础课的发展方向及如何进行课程改革,提出了以工作任务、学生就业为导向,增强学生的职业能力,这也是高职院校在教育中有着不可替代性的地位的体现。     

Effect of Heat Stress on Milk Production,Rectal Temperature,Respiratory Rate and Blood Chemistry in Holstein,Jersey and Australian Milking Zebu Cows

The effect of heat stress on changes in milk production, rectal temperature, respiratory rate and blood chemistry was evaluated in three groups of six mature Holstein, Jersey and Australian Milking Zebu (AMZ) dairy cows. These animals were subjected to a cool environment when the mean temperature-humidity index (THI) was 72+/-1.4 (dry bulb temperature of 22.2-24.4 degrees C and relative humidity of 100-60%) during the month of December. This experiment was repeated during the hotter month of July of the following year, when the mean THI was 93+/-3.1 (dry bulb temperature of 35.6-43.9 degrees C and relative humidity 95-35%). Holstein cows produced more (p <0.01) milk than AMZ and Jersey cows during the cooler months of the year and all the cows were dry during the hotter months from June until September. Heat stress increased (p<0.01) rectal temperature and respiratory rate in all three breeds. Heat stress had no effect on blood pH in Holstein and AMZ cows but lowered (p <0.01) blood pH from 7.42 to 7.34 in Jersey cows. In addition, heat stress lowered (p <0.01) blood pCO2 (kPa), bicarbonate (HCO3, mmol/L), base excess (BE, mmol/L) and plasma chloride (Cl-, mmol/L) in all three breeds. The total haemoglobin (THb, g/dl) was elevated (p <0.01) in all three breeds when they were subjected to heat stress. Heat stress increased (p<0.01) oxygen saturation (O2SAT, %) in Jersey and AMZ cows but lowered it (p <0.01) in Holstein cows. On the other hand, heat stress increased (p <0.01)pO2 (kPa) in Holstein and Jersey cows but lowered it (p <0.01) in AMZ cows. Heat stress increased (p <0.01) plasma potassium (K, mmol/L) and calcium (Ca, mmol/L) only in Holstein and Jersey cows but lowered them (p<0.01) in AMZ cows. The plasma glucose (GLU, mmol/L) increased (p<0.01) with heat stress in Holstein and AMZ cows but decreased (p <0.01) in Jersey cows. Heat stress increased (p<0.01) plasma creatinine (CR, (mol/L) but lowered (p<0.01) plasma creatinine phosphokinase (CPK, IU/L), aspartate aminotransferase (AST, IU/L) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN, mmol/L) in all three breeds. These results indicate that heat-stressed Holstein and AMZ cows were able to maintain their acid-base balance with a marginal change in their pH of 0.02 when their rectal temperatures increased by 0.47 and 0.38 degrees C, respectively. When heat stress increased the rectal temperature in Jersey cows by 0.70 degrees C, the pH decreased (p<0.01) from 7.42 to 7.34. However, even with this decrease 0.08 the pH is still within the lower physiological limit of 7.31.     

高粱抗蚜品种叶片化学物质含量的分析

以高粱叶片为试材，对高粱叶片的化学物质进行分析，结果表明：高粱叶片中的可溶性总氮、可溶性糖和游离氨基酸，特别是必需氨基酸，在感蚜品种中的含量显著比抗蚜品种的含量高，且感蚜品种叶液偏酸，抗蚜品种近中性。     

创建农业院校化学网上试题库的探讨

本就目前农业院校化学的教学网络资源较少，针对性和适用性差的问题，提出了创建化学课程的网上试题库，并就其可行性和必要性、内容构成、建立与维护进行了论述。