小麦DH群体几个数量性状的遗传分析

(西农1376×WT212)×花育888复交得到的F1,对F1花药组织培养获得DH群体,遗传分析表明,此DH群体的株高、旗叶长、旗叶宽、主穗长、单株穗数、主穗小穗数、主穗粒数、百粒质量的遗传力分别为93%、78%、18%、81%、38%、64%、29%和74%;控制各性状的最少基因对数分别约为3、4、13、4、8、5、9和4对。控制株高、主穗长、主穗粒数的基因间没有互作,控制旗叶宽和主穗小穗数的基因间存在互作,控制旗叶长、单株穗数和百粒质量的基因间可能存在互作。     

生物炭对玉米茎秆性状及产量的影响

通过田间试验研究了生物炭不同施用量(0、10、20、40、80 t/hm2)对玉米茎秆中的钾含量、茎秆形态特征、茎秆质量性状及产量的影响。结果表明：土壤中施加生物炭能够促进玉米茎秆各节的钾含量,并且生物炭的施入矮化了蜡熟期玉米茎基部3~5节的节间长,增大了玉米茎粗,增强了茎秆弹力和茎秆外皮穿刺力,增加了茎秆干物质积累,使茎秆粗壮、坚韧。随着生物炭施用量增加对玉米茎秆钾含量、茎秆性状及产量的影响均表现出先增大后降低的趋势。施炭量40 t/hm2为最优施用量,产量达13261 kg/hm2,较对照提高了25.99％。当施炭量为80 t/hm2时茎秆中的钾含量、茎秆形态特征、茎秆质量性状及产量的提高幅度略有下降。     

Comparative Biomass Production of Six Oat Varieties in a Saline Soil Ecology

Oat is widely used as a food source in human and animal diets. In China, supplementary cultivation of oat has recently been extended into marginal saline soils, due to its extensive use. The goal of the present study was to explore and compare the agronomic characteristics, biomass production, and distribution of oat in coastal saline soil. A single-factor randomized block design experiment with six naked and husked oat varieties [Bayou-1 (BU-1), Baiyan-2 (BY-2), Baiyan-7 (BY-7), Huawan-6 (HW-6), Huazao-2 (HZ-2), and Pin-16 (P-16)] as treatments was conducted in the Hebei Province of China. The growth period (77 to 88 days) of the six oat varieties were shorter in saline soil than their original breeding region. Moreover, the plant was shorter, with a lower grain number per plant and seed setting. Grain weight increased and no change was observed in the floret number in coastal saline soil relative to the original habitats. The BY-7 variety produced the highest biomass value of 7.0 t ha^?1 compared to the other five varieties. Compared with two active growth points, most varieties in the present study showed just one growth activity point between elongation and heading. Two fast growth periods for the six oat varieties were due to the high total leaf biomass growth rate (BGR) from elongation to heading and panicle BGR from heading to maturity. The biomass growth ratio (BGO) during elongation to heading was the largest among the four growth stages of the oat varieties. The number of kernels per spike decreased at the research site, but grain weight increased. Substantial differences were observed for growth periods, biomass, BGR, BGO, and other agronomic characters in the coastal saline soil of North China, but the BY-7 variety was the most suitable variety for the study site.     

皖北小麦主栽品种遗传多样性的系统聚类法分析

采用系统聚类分析法对淮北地区近50年来推广面积在6.67hm2以上的20个主栽小麦品种遗传差异进行了初步探讨。以株高、穗长、小穗数、小穗密度、千粒重、护颖长短、粒长和粒宽等农艺性状为依据,计算20个品种间遗传距离,采用类平均分析法对供试材料进行聚类分析。结果表明：供试的20个品种共划分为8个类群,Ⅰ类为扬麦12、皖麦47;Ⅱ类为皖麦33;Ⅲ类为皖麦48、阜麦938、济麦21、皖麦44、皖麦55、荔高6号、豫麦49ck2、浏虎98、豫农035、百农AK58;Ⅳ类为豫麦49、皖麦38;Ⅴ类为郑麦366、衡观35;Ⅵ类为皖麦50;Ⅶ类皖蒙118;Ⅷ类为豫麦70。划分结果与系谱分析基本一致,并把系谱来源不清的品种划分到相应的杂种优势群。形态学形状检测是研究品种间遗传差异的一种方法,可为小麦育种亲本选配提供初步的理论依据。     

Effects of aerobic conditions in the rhizosphere of rice on the dynamics and availability of phosphorus in a flooded soil – A model experiment

The secretion of O₂ by rice roots results in aerobic conditions in the rhizoshere compared to the bulk flooded soil. The effect of this phenomenon on the adsorption/desorption behavior and on the availability of phosphorus (P) in a flooded soil was investigated in a model experiment. An experimental set‐up was developed that imitates both O₂ release and P uptake by the rice root. The results showed that O₂ secretion significantly reduced P adsorption/retention and increased P desorption/release in the “rhizosphere” soil, compared to the anaerobic bulk soil. The P uptake by an anion exchange resin from both unfertilized and P‐amended soil was significantly increased. The results confirm that the O₂ secretion is an important mechanism to enhance P availability and P uptake of rice under flooded conditions, where the “physico‐chemical” availability of P in the anaerobic bulk soil is strongly reduced. The decrease of P availability in the P‐amended flooded bulk soil was mainly associated with the almost complete transformation of the precedingly enriched Al‐P fraction into Fe‐bound P with extremely low desorption/release characteristics during the subsequent flooding.     

基于冠层多光谱数据预测水稻氮素营养状况

A soil batch experiment was conducted to investigate both separate and compound effects of three types of surfactants： anionic dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid sodiumsalt （DBSS）, cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide （CTAB）, and nonionic nonyl phenol polyethyleneoxy ether （TX-100）, as well as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid （EDTA） on cadmium solubility, sorption kinetics, and sorption-desorption behavior in purple soil. The results indicated that both individual application of the three types of surfactants and surfactants combined with EDTA could stimulate Cd extraction from the soil with a general effectiveness ranking of EDTA/TX-100 〉 EDTA/DBSS 〉 EDTA/CTAB 〉 EDTA 〉 TX-100 〉 DBSS 〉 CTAB. Further study showed that the compound application of surfactants and EDTA had stronger （P 〈 0.05） effects on Cd solubility than those added individually. The application of surfactants and EDTA to purple soil （P 〈 0.05） decreased the proportion of Cd sorbed, while their effectiveness ranking was similar to that of enhanced solubilization. The sorption kinetics of Cd in purple soil was best described by the double-constant equation, while the Freundlich equation gave an excellent fit to the sorption isotherm curves. Therefore, surfactant-enhanced remediation of Cd contaminated soil is feasible and further research should be conducted.     

茶叶中β-葡萄糖苷酶研究进展

对茶叶β-葡萄糖苷酶的分离、纯化、测定方法、酶学特征、基因克隆及其在茶树体内的分布等研究进行了综述,并探讨了今后的研究方向。     

热脱附-气相色谱质谱法测定挥发性有机化合物的研究

运用自动热脱附仪和气相色谱/质谱联用技术,通过对木制品中释放的多种挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行测试,得到较优的测试处理条件.研究发现,该方法的重现性和稳定性较好;较低的采样流速,可有效的降低苯在Tenax TA吸附管中的穿透行为.     

城市河道不同深度沉积物对氨氮的吸附-解吸特征

针对城市污染河道是否需要清淤治理界线难以确定的问题,采用批平衡静态室内试验研究和Langmuir、Freundlich及Henry等温模型模拟的方法,以北京市通州区北运河土沟、榆林庄及和合站3个典型断面不同深度沉积物为研究材料,设定氨氮标准溶液质量浓度为20、40、80、160、200、320、400和600mg/L 8个梯度,对氨氮的吸附和解吸热力学行为进行研究。结果表明:1)Langmuir、Freundlich及Henry等温模型对吸附和解吸过程拟合较好,相关系数R~20.85;2)各典型断面0~20、20~40和40~60cm深度单位质量沉积物对氨氮的理论最大吸附质量分别为1 184.60~26 168.00、343.46~648.00和228.10~462.05mg/kg,0~20cm吸附潜力最大;理论最大解吸质量分别为178.11~367.52、98.45~329.62和78.58~148.51 mg/kg,0~60cm解吸潜力差异较小;3)Langmuir等温模型吸附常数kL大小关系为k_(L(0~20cm))k_(L(20~40cm))k_(L(40~60cm)),Freundlich等温模型吸附常数n大小关系为n_((0~20cm))n_((20~40cm))n_((40~60cm)),沉积物越深,对氨氮的吸附性能越好;解吸比n大小关系为n_((0~20cm))n_((20~40cm))n_((40~60cm)),沉积物越深,对氨氮的解吸程度越大;4)土沟断面0~40cm深度沉积物对氨氮吸附-解吸临界状态的氨氮质量浓度大于上覆污染水体的氨氮质量浓度;榆林庄及和合站断面0~60cm深度沉积物对氨氮吸附-解吸临界状态的氨氮质量浓度均小于上覆污染水体氨氮质量浓度。沉积物对氨氮的吸附-解吸过程存在动态平衡,所得动态模式和参数可为河道清淤治理提供理论指导。     

玉米不同基因型种子发芽及幼苗性状分析

对Ｓ２２、４７８、４８９自交系及其单交、回交、自交后代共１６个基因型的种子发芽和幼苗特性研究表明：①Ｓ２２（深色）、Ｓ２２（中色）、及（Ｓ２２×４８９）自交和回交后代各项指标均较差,且物质运转率低;Ｓ２２（浅色）与４７８相比,发芽率较高,但发芽较慢。②单交种的种子发芽和幼苗特性均随着杂种优势的产生而显著提高,自交、回交后代又随杂种优势的衰退而明显降低。③种子发芽及幼苗特性与粒色有关,受母本胞质基因的影响。④Ｓ２２的种子发芽和出苗特性可以通过后代选择予以改良。