吸附天然气技术及其应用

阐述了吸附天然气(ANG)的工作原理及其吸附技术、影响吸附剂吸脱附量的因素和解决热效应与气质组分问题的处理措施,并与压缩天然气(CNG)参数进行了比较.研究认为,吸附天然气技术日趋成熟,已经具备了工业化应用的基础条件.提出了加快研究开发ANG技术的建议.     

牛耳枫提取物对甜菜夜蛾酚氧化酶的抑制作用

 【目的】筛选对甜菜夜蛾（Spodoptera exigua（Hübner)）酚氧化酶具有高抑制活性的化合物,寻找新型害虫控制剂的线索。【方法】以牛耳枫（Daphniphyllum calycinum Benth.）提取物Deoxycalyciphylline B和Methyl homosecodaphniphyllate为抑制剂,采用酶标仪微量法研究了其对甜菜夜蛾酚氧化酶的抑制活性及抑制类型。【结果】Deoxycalyciphylline B和Methyl homosecodaphniphyllate对甜菜夜蛾酚氧化酶的抑制中浓度(IC50)分别为2.439 mmol?L-1和0.879 mmol?L-1,2种化合物均为典型的可逆竞争型抑制剂,抑制常数（Ki）分别为2.051 mmol?L-1和1.269 mmol?L-1。【结论】2种生物碱对甜菜夜蛾酚氧化酶具有较好的抑制活性,可以以这2种化合物或其类似物为模板指导酶抑制剂的分子设计,是寻找新型害虫控制剂的重要途径。     

新型粉煤灰陶粒对水中Cu(Ⅱ)的去除特性及吸附等温模拟

以粉煤灰、膨润土等制备新型粉煤灰陶粒,考察粉煤灰陶粒对溶液中Cu(Ⅱ)的去除特性并进行吸附等温线拟合.结果表明,粉煤灰陶粒对Cu(Ⅱ)的去除主要为吸附过程,对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附效果与陶粒用量、温度及振荡速度有关,较大的粉煤灰陶粒用量、适宜的温度及振荡有较好的Cu(Ⅱ)去除效果.当温度为25℃、pH4.5及振荡速度150 r/min时,2.00 g粉煤灰陶粒对50 mL溶液中浓度为100 mg/L的Cu(Ⅱ)去除率为100％,而同等条件下两种普通市售陶粒的Cu(Ⅱ)去除率分别只有14.6％、6.3％.陶粒吸附柱可连续4次对250 mL浓度为100 mg/L的Cu(Ⅱ)去除率达90％以上.25℃时粉煤灰陶粒对Cu(Ⅱ)的最大吸附量为2.78 mg/g,其吸附过程符合Langmuir等温式,以Freundlich吸附等温式拟合则相关性较差.     

活性炭对柴油机尾气吸附机理及其行为研究

柴油车排放尾气严重污染环境并危害人类健康,其净化技术一直是人们研究的热点问题。基于各种活性炭的尘埃吸附性及气体通透性．研究了不同量活性炭在非催化条件下对尾气的吸附机理及行为。试验结果表明：各种活性炭对柴油机尾气排放物吸附作用较为明显：煤质活性炭对于尾气排放物吸附作用要强于椰壳活性炭碳,且对尾气排放降低程度最大、经济性最好用量在400g左右。     

玉米秸秆炭对红壤镉吸附及养分含量、赋存形态的影响

为明确玉米秸秆炭添加对土壤重金属镉(Cd)的吸附固持及主要养分元素N、P形态转化的影响,以土壤质量0%、2%、4%和8%的比例向红壤中加入玉米秸秆生物质炭材料,混合后培养35 d,通过等温吸附实验探究玉米秸秆炭施加对红壤中Cd~(2+)吸附的影响及其作用机制,并结合逐级化学提取法对红壤养分元素N、P和K的生物可利用性及其赋存形态变化进行研究。结果表明,玉米秸秆炭的施加能增加红壤p H值和有机碳总量,并显著提高红壤上Cd~(2+)的吸附量,Freundlich和Langmuir方程均能够较好拟合该等温吸附过程(R20.90);SEM-EDAX分析表明生物质炭吸附了部分土壤中的Cd~(2+),在p H 4~8范围内,土壤p H值的增大促进了红壤对Cd~(2+)的吸附;土壤悬液Zeta电位结果表明玉米秸秆炭的施加增加了土壤表面的负电荷量,使得红壤通过静电吸附作用结合更多的Cd~(2+)。此外,生物质炭的施加提高了土壤中离子交换态磷(KCl-P)、离子交换态氮(IEF-N)和速效钾含量,土壤中不同形态磷(Ca-P、Fe-P)含量随着生物质炭的增加均呈现上升趋势,而土壤中总可转化态氮(TTN)的含量则变化不明显。以上结果表明,玉米秸秆炭的施用能有效降低重金属污染土壤的环境风险,提高土壤质量。     

农村生活污水陶瓷膜-生物反应器处理工艺强化脱氮除磷研究

传统膜生物反应器是农村生活污水处理的重要工艺之一,但其存在氮磷去除效果差等问题,本文旨在探究陶瓷膜生物反应器对农村生活污水的处理效果,并提高其脱氮除磷效果。陶瓷膜-生物反应器(C-MBR)是将好氧生物反应与无机陶瓷平板膜过滤技术相结合的工艺,具有占地面积小、维护简单、排泥量少等优点。本文利用陶瓷膜代替传统膜-生物反应器中的有机膜,对C-MBR进行强化脱氮除磷工艺研究,通过优化回流比、DO、HRT等进行强化脱氮,采用粉煤灰多孔填料吸附进行强化除磷。结果表明:在进水COD和TN、NH_3-N、TP浓度分别为360.00～661.00、33.90～57.60、16.80～32.30 mg·L~(-1)和4.78～5.70 mg·L~(-1),MLSS为3000 mg·L~(-1),膜孔径为50 nm条件下,C-MBR出水对应指标平均浓度分别为34.90、22.59、1.13 mg·L~(-1)和4.57 mg·L~(-1),平均去除率分别为93.68%、47.86%、95.00%和12.32%。优化回流比至200%、DO浓度为2.00 mg·L~(-1)、好氧池HRT为4 h时,TN平均去除率显著提高,最佳可达69.39%,出水平均浓度为12.52 mg·L~(-1),且此时出水稳定、能耗低;粉煤灰多孔填料在水力负荷0.33 m~3·m~(-3)·d~(-1)条件下,对TP去除率可达90.90%,出水平均浓度为0.42 mg·L~(-1),满足一级A标准。使用1000 mg·L~(-1)的次氯酸钠水溶液,以每片膜500mL·30 min~(-1)速度对膜进行在线清洗时,跨膜压差恢复速率最快,膜污染去除效果恢复最佳。优化回流比、DO、好氧池HRT能有效强化C-MBR脱氮效果,填料吸附磷能有效强化除磷效果。本研究为农村生活污水就地处理、提高C-MBR脱氮除磷效果提供了有益参考。     

产单核细胞李氏杆菌突变株的感染动力学研究

以BALB/c小鼠为实验动物模型,对actA基因和plcB基因双缺失的产单核细胞李氏杆菌（LM）yzuLM1-2菌株进行感染动力学研究。分别用减毒突变株yzuLM1-2和野生型菌株yzuLM4给BALB/c小鼠静脉注射或灌服,并对脏器中LM的分布动态进行测定。结果显示,在显著高于野生型菌株感染剂量的条件下注射或灌服接种后,减毒突变株组小鼠肝和脾中的LM数量迅速下降,被清除的速度显著快于野生型菌株组。溶血素（LLO）抗体的测定结果显示,减毒突变株菌能和野生型菌同样激发较高水平的抗体。小鼠免疫保护试验结果显示,减毒突变株免疫组对同种血清型LM的攻击具有较好的免疫保护力,可达100%。结果表明,yzuLM1-2突变株侵袭力下降,致病力降低,能激发较高水平的抗体产生,可以作为预防动物李氏杆菌病的候选疫苗菌株,并为用作运送外源保护性抗原的载体提供了材料。     

Fipronil modulation of GABAA receptor single-channel currents

Fipronil is the first phenylpyrazole insecticide introduced for pest control. Although fipronil is known to inhibit GABA receptors, the detailed mechanism of action remains to be seen. In order to elucidate the mechanism of fipronil interaction with the mammalian GABAA system, single-channel patch clamp experiments were performed using rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. The amplitude of main conductance state (27pS) current was not significantly altered by co-application of 10 microM fipronil and 10 microM GABA. The histograms of open time distribution were fitted to a sum of three exponential functions. After application of 10 microM fipronil, the proportion of the fastest component increased slightly and that of the slowest component decreased slightly. Thus, the mean open time was decreased from 11.4 ms to 7.8 ms by fipronil. The histograms of closed time distribution were fitted to a sum of four exponential functions. Fipronil 10 microM prolonged the slowest time constant resulting in a prolongation of the mean closed time from 29.7 ms to 52.8 ms. Thus, the frequency of channel openings was reduced. Thus, the fipronil suppression of GABA-induced whole-cell currents is caused in part by decreases in the channel open time and the frequency of channel openings.     

Kinetics of interaction of three carbamate pesticides with Indian soils: Aligarh district

The kinetics of interaction with soil of three carbamate pesticides (I, II, III) used as nematicides and herbicides was studied at four different temperatures from solutions of six soil samples of Aligarh district. The values obtained for rate constants for adsorption and desorption were in good agreement with those obtained from the Lindstrom model, which proved useful in the simultaneous evaluation of adsorption (k1) and desorption (k2) rate constants. The rate constants for pesticides were in the order III > I > II on all the six soil samples. The data for rate constants, activation energies, heats of activation, entropy of activation and thermodynamic parameters indicated a partly physical and partly chemical adsorption of pesticide on the soil surfaces. Adsorption occurred via coordination and/or protonation of the exchangeable cations with the amidic carbonyl group, and hydrogen bonding and dipole association at the crystal edge and basal surfaces. The adsorptivity of the soils may be attributed to the organic matter content and percentage clay content.     

Comparative studies of acetylcholinesterases purified from two field populations of the oriental migratory locust (Locusta migratoria manilensis): implications of insecticide resistance

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was purified by affinity chromatography from two populations of the oriental migratory locust, Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen), collected from Huanghua and Pingshan Counties, Hebei Province of China. The purification factors and yields were 1661-fold and 19.3%, respectively, for the Huanghua population, and 3897-fold and 39.6% for the Pingshan population. Both the purification factor and yield were significantly lower in the Huanghua population than in the Pingshan population. AChE activity was almost completely inhibited by 10⁻⁶ M eserine and BW284C51, but ?5.8% of AChE activity was inhibited by ethopropazine at the same concentration, suggesting that purified AChE from either population was a typical insect AChE. However, AChE purified from the Huanghua population was 62-, 2.0-, and 1.6-fold less sensitive to inhibition by the three organophosphate compounds, chlorpyrifos oxon, demeton-S-methyl, and paraoxon, respectively, than that from the Pingshan population. Significantly lower purification factor and low yield associated with reduced sensitivity of AChE to inhibition by the organophosphates indicated that AChE purified from the Huanghua population was biochemically and pharmacologically different from that of the Pingshan population. Reduced sensitivity of AChE appeared to contribute to organophosphate resistance in the locust from Huanghua County, where insecticides have commonly been used to manage outbreaks of the locust.