有机膨润土对水溶液中甲基对硫磷的吸附特性研究

采用室内增溶性实验及吸附实验,研究了表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化胺(CTMAB)对甲基对硫磷的增溶作用,并进一步研究了甲基对硫磷在硼润土-十六烷基三甲基溴化胺体系中的分配特性。结果表明,CTMAB对膨润土吸附甲基对硫磷有明显的增溶作用,且当CTMAB其浓度大于CMC时,增溶效果显著;在低浓度表面活性剂条件下,膨润土对甲基对硫磷的吸附量随着CTMAB浓度的增加而增加,吸附在膨润土表面的CTMAB并不是作为一个分配体而存在,而是作为一个有效的吸附薄膜;在高浓度表面活性剂条件下,膨润土对甲基对硫磷的吸附量随着表面活性剂浓度的增加而降低。     

干渣吸附处理含磷污水的研究

采用批量平衡法，研究了水体磷浓度、干渣粒径和温度对干渣吸附除磷效果的影响，探讨了干渣对水体中磷素的选择性吸附特征及其饱和吸附磷素后的解吸释磷现象。结果表明，溶液浓度越高，干渣吸附除磷速率越慢，效率越低。磷浓度为6和12mg·L^-1时，作用20h后，除磷效率可达90%。干渣粒径越小，除磷速率越快，效果也越好，磷浓度为12mg·L^-1，吸附平衡后，30、60和100目干渣的除磷效率分别为80%、93%和96%。温度对干渣除磷效果的影响较大，磷浓度为12mg·L^-1，25和35℃时，除磷效率可达95%，但在5℃时，除磷效率仅为75%。干渣能够选择性地吸附去除水体中的磷素，适宜作为除磷吸附剂，处理多种含磷污水。     

套种不同牧草的果园土壤对铵的吸附特性研究

以套种不同牧草的果园土壤为研究对象,通过室内等温吸附实验,分析比较了各个处理对氨态氮的吸附特性,并将结果用不同的数学模型拟合进行分析.结果表明:当土壤的氨浓度超过一临界值时,其对氨离子的吸附量会出现明显上升,而在此临界值以下则变化不明显；套种不同牧草可不同程度地提高土壤的铵吸附能力,具体表现为圆叶决明＞百喜草＞平托花生＞宽叶雀稗＞CK(自然生日本草)；各处理土壤铵等温吸附与多项式拟合效果最佳,与Freundlich、Temkin方程拟合达显著水平,Langmuir方程的拟合结果较差.     

花生壳残渣制备活性炭及吸附性能测定

用提取黄酮后废弃的花生壳做原料,选择不同的活化剂在一定温度下制备活性炭,并且测定其吸附性能。结果表明：磷酸作为活化剂时活性炭产率最高,达39.5%;当炭化温度为500℃、活化剂为氢氧化钾或磷酸、活化剂浓度为10%时,碘吸附值最高,为966.7mg/g;当炭化温度为500℃、活化剂浓度为10%时,几种活化剂制备出来的活性炭亚甲基蓝脱色力均达到40mL/g左右;与几种市售活性炭比较,花生壳活性炭碘吸附值能够满足市场需要,但是亚甲基蓝脱色力偏低;相同条件下,盐作为活化剂所制备出的活性炭对镍离子的吸附能力比较稳定。     

The Magnesium Status of Some Fiji Soils

Abstract

Magnesium (Mg) is an essential macronutrient element for all living organisms, but literature reports of Mg deficiency in agriculture and forestry appear regularly. In many tropical areas, Mg is added to soils by using dolomitic limestone and as minor additions through impurities in some fertilizers. Minimal information is available on the Mg status of Fiji soils, and deficiencies have been observed in some crops. This study investigated the Mg status of a range of Fiji soils and found that major agricultural soils of Fiji contain variable amounts of Mg, both in the total concentrations and in the different forms of the element present. The variations can be related to the soil parent materials, degree of weathering, clay content, and mineralogy. Low plant‐available Mg concentrations are present in many of the highly weathered soils with limited reserves present. Development of intensive agriculture should consider Mg when developing fertilizer programs.     

Long-Term Effect of Fertilizer and Rice Straw on Mineral Composition and Potassium Adsorption in a Reddish Paddy Soil

Increasing K⁺ adsorption can be an effective alternative in building an available K pool in soils to optimize crop recovery and minimize losses into the environment. We hypothesized that long-term fertilization might change K⁺ adsorption because of changes in the chemical and mineralogical properties of a rice (Oryza sativa L.). The aims of this study were (i) to determine clay minerals in paddy soil clay size fractions using X-ray diffraction methods and a numerical diagram-decomposition method; (ii) to measure K⁺ adsorption isotherms before and after H₂O₂ oxidation of organic matter, and (iii) to investigate whether K⁺ adsorption is correlated with changes in soil chemical and mineral properties. The 30-yr long-term fertilization treatments caused little change in soil organic C (SOC) but a large variation in soil mineral composition. The whole-clay fraction (<5 μm) corresponded more to the fertilization treatment than the fine-clay fraction (<1 μm) in terms of percentage of illite peak area. The total percentage of vermiculite-chlorite peak area was significantly negatively correlated with the total percentage of illite peak area in the <5 μm soil particles (R=-0.946, P<0.0006). Different fertilization treatments gave significantly different results in K⁺ adsorption. The SOC oxidation test showed positive effects of SOC on K⁺ adsorption at lower K⁺ concentration (?120 mg L^?1) and negative effects at higher K⁺ concentration (240 mg L^?1). The K⁺ adsorption by soil clay minerals after SOC oxidization accounted for 60–158% of that by unoxidized soils, suggesting a more important role of soil minerals than SOC on K⁺ adsorption. The K⁺ adsorption potential was significantly correlated to the amount of poorly crystallized illite present (R=0.879, P=0.012). The availability of adsorbed K⁺ for plant growth needs further study.     

Adsorption-desorption behaviour of flufenacet in five different soils of India

Adsorption-desorption of the herbicide flufenacet (FOE 5043) has been studied in five soils from different locations in India (Delhi, Ranchi, Nagpur, Kerala and Assam) varying in their physicochemical properties. The organic matter (OM) content varied from 0.072 to 0.864%, clay content from 2.5 to 43.7% and pH from 4.45 to 8.35. The adsorption studies were carried out using a batch equilibration technique. Ten grams of soil were equilibrated with 20 ml of aqueous 0.01 M CaCl2 solution containing different concentrations (0-30 mg litre-1) of flufenacet. After equilibration, an aliquot of supernatant was taken out for analysis. During desorption, the amount withdrawn for analysis was replenished with fresh 0.01 M CaCl2 solution and further equilibrated. Desorption studies were carried out with the 30 mg litre-1 concentration of flufenacet only. The adsorption studies revealed that there was moderate to high adsorption of flufenacet considering the comparatively low organic carbon content in the five test soils. Average Kd values ranged from 0.77 to 4.52 and Freundlich KF values from 0.76 to 4.39. The highest adsorption was observed in Kerala soil (OM 0.786%; clay 25%; pH 4.45) followed by Ranchi, Nagpur and Delhi soils, and the lowest in Assam soil (OM 0.553%; clay 2.5%; pH 6.87). The trend in adsorption could be attributed to the chemical nature of flufenacet and the physicochemical properties of the soil such as pH, OM and clay contents. OM and clay contents were positively correlated whereas pH was negatively correlated. Soils having low pH, high OM and high clay contents showed higher adsorption. Desorption studies revealed that there was a hysteresis effect in all the soils. Hysteresis coefficient values (ratio of n(ad) and n(des)) varied from 0.09 to 0.45. The study implies that, because of its moderate to high adsorption, flufenacet is likely to persist in soil for some time. However, the possibility of its movement by leaching or surface run off is less.     

Variation of pesticide sorption isotherm in soil at the catchment scale

The variation of the sorption isotherm of pesticides has seldom been explored at the catchment scale. Such a study was conducted at the scale of a 187-ha agricultural catchment for three herbicides: atrazine, isoproturon and metamitron. Partition coefficient (Kd) values were measured in batch experiments on 51 topsoil samples, and showed moderate variability at the catchment scale (coefficient of variation CV approximately 30%). Values of Kd ranged from 0.47 to 1.70 litre kg(-1) for atrazine, 0.47 to 1.81 for isoproturon, and 0.55 to 2.21 for metamitron. A clustering method was used to reduce the number of samples on which to measure sorption isotherms to 14. Sorption isotherms agreed with the Freundlich rather than the linear model. Kf parameters had CV values similar to those for Kd, with values ranging from 0.78 to 2.13 mg(1 - Nf) litre(Nf) kg(-1) for atrazine, 0.61 to 1.82 for isoproturon, and 0.69 and 2.58 for metamitron. Nf exponents showed little variation (CV < 5%). Nf values were between 0.86 and 0.98 for atrazine, 0.85 and 0.90 for isoproturon, and 0.82 and 0.87 for metamitron. More than 97% of the Kf catchment-scale variations could be explained by the variations of the soil organic carbon content.     

自由基化学改性氧化石墨烯对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能

氧化石墨烯（Graphene Oxide,GO）拥有较大的比表面积和较高的稳定性，可用来吸附水体中的多种污染物，其潜在功能稳定性具有规模化应用前景。考虑到GO在高级氧化体系中结构和形貌会发生改变，探究了经UV/H2O2和UV/过硫酸盐(Persulfate, PS)产生强氧化性自由基的体系处理后所得GOs对亚甲基蓝(Methylene Blue, MB)的吸附性能。氧化性自由基体系光源为300 W中压汞灯，30 mL GO储备液(1 mg/mL)在2种氧化体系下反应1、2、4 h后制得GOs。实验考察了不同反应条件对GOs吸附动力学的影响，傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)研究了GOs氧化前后表面官能团的变化。结果显示，经UV/H2O2, UV/PS氧化1 h后，GOs表面的含氧官能团数量开始明显减少；吸附动力学过程更符合准二级动力学模型（R2>0.999）；吸附热力学过程更符合Langmuir模型，MB饱和吸附量(经UV/H2O2和UV/PS氧化1、2、4 h后分别记G1-1, G1-2, G1-3, G2-1, G2-2, G2-3)依次为580.26, 591.80, 598.63, 521.77, 554.91, 568.00 mg/g。研究表明，GO可以快速吸附较大浓度范围内的MB，且对低浓度染料表现出更好的去除效果；GO对MB的吸附量随着pH值的增加逐渐增大，且在碱性条件下的增加得更明显；经氧化处理后，GOs的吸附性能随着氧化时间的增长，性能减弱，尤其在UV/PS体系中更为显著。     

快速测定活性炭对环己烷吸附荷量的方法：迎头色谱穿透曲线法

长期以来都是通过测定四氯化碳荷量或吸苯率，来评价用于气相吸附活性炭的吸附性能。由于四氯化碳是剧毒试剂，苯是致癌物质、所以本文改用环己烷作为吸附质，通过测定各种活性炭对环己烷的吸附等温线，详细讲话他环己烷荷量作为评价活性炭吸附性能的条件。并介绍了快速测定活性炭对环己烷的吸附荷量的迎头色谱穿透曲线法。