Recurrent Addition of the Pennisetum americanum Genome in a P. americanum×P. orientale Hybrid

An interspecific hybrid involving Pennisetum americanum (2 n = 14) and a diploid cytotype of P. orientale (2 n = 18) was backcrossed to P. americanum using the hybrid (2 n = 16, 7‘A’+ 9 ‘O’) as the female parent. Pollen mother cells of 13 BC₁ plants contained a complement of 14‘A’+ 9 ‘O’ chromosomes. Five BC₂ plants obtained through further backcrossing to P. americanum had 21‘A’+ 9 ‘O’ chromosomes revealing another addition of the P. americanum genome. The role of such recurrent additions of parental genomes in the evolution of polyploid species has been discussed.     

Homoeological relationships between the f chromosome of Brassica rapa and the e chromosome of Brassica oleracea

Eight plants of the putative double monosomic addition line (DMAL, 2n= 20) were developed by crossing a monosomic chromosome addition line of radish [f(A)‐type monosomic addition line (MAL) (2n= 19)] carrying the f chromosome of Brassica rapa (2n= 20, AA) with another [e(C)‐type MAL (2n= 19)] having the echromosome of Brassica oleracea (2n= 18, CC). The homoeological relationships between the two alien chromosomes were investigated by morphological, cytogenetic and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Seventeen morphological traits that were not present in the radish cv. ‘Shogoin’ were observed in both MALs and these traits were substantially exhibited in DMAL plants. At the first metaphase of pollen mother cells (PMCs), the two parental MALs showed a chromosome configuration of 9II +1I, demonstrating impossibility of recombination between the R and the added chromosomes. The DMALs formed 10II in approximately 73% of PMCs, with one bivalent showing loose pairing between two chromosomes differing in size. In an attempt to identify the two MALs by RAPD‐specific markers using 26 selected random primers, 13 and 20 bands were specific for the f(A)‐type and the e(C)‐type MALs, respectively; 12 bands were common to both MALs (26.7%). In conclusion, the f chromosome of B. rapa is homoeologous to the e chromosome of B. oleracea. The genetic domain (genes) for 17 morphological traits are linked to each homoeologous chromosome bearing 27% of the corresponding RAPD markers.     

Wind erosion and airborne dust deposition in farmland during spring in the Horqin Sandy Land of eastern Inner Mongolia, China

In the Horqin Sandy Land of eastern Inner Mongolia in northern China, wind erosion in farmland is very common in a period from thawing of frozen surface soil in mid-March to sowing of crops in the end of April, largely because of dry and windy weather. However, little is known about the magnitude of wind erosion and associated nutrient losses due to erosion and the addition of nutrients by airborne dust deposition to farmlands during this period. A field experiment was conducted in an Entisol with sand origin under corn (Zea mays L.) production to investigate daily changes in wind speed and wind erosion intensity (as measured by soil transport rate) over a period from 20 March to 30 April 2001. We also measured daily rates of airborne dust deposition during the spring seasons with the high frequency of dust storm occurrence. The rates of soil transport by wind varied greatly from 13.2 to 1254.1 kg ha⁻¹ per day, averaging 232.1 kg ha⁻¹ per day, largely attributable to great variation between days in wind speed within the study period. The potential losses of nutrients through wind erosion were 0.26–24.95 kg ha⁻¹ per day (averaging 4.62 kg ha⁻¹ per day) in organic matter, 0.02–1.64 kg ha⁻¹ per day (averaging 0.31 kg ha⁻¹ per day) in nitrogen and 0.01–0.7 kg ha⁻¹ per day (averaging 0.13 kg ha⁻¹ per day) in phosphorus. The mean rates of airborne dust deposition ranged from 4.0 to 48.9 kg ha⁻¹ per day, averaging 19.9 kg ha⁻¹ per day, during the spring seasons. The potential addition of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus by dust input to the experimental field was, on average, 0.54, 0.04 and 0.02 kg ha⁻¹ per day, respectively. Although the addition was a fraction of the losses due to erosion, nevertheless, dust input in the spring seasons is one of the major suppliers of soil nutrition. The fact that the addition of nutrients by dust is about 1/10 of the losses of soil nutrients through wind erosion suggests that developing and adopting more effective management practices to reduce soil erosion losses and to improve soil fertility are crucial to achieve a sustainable agricultural system in a fragile, semiarid sandy land environment.     

甘蓝型油菜埃芥二体附加系92I1096附加染色体的遗传分析

应用细胞学方法,对甘蓝型油菜埃塞俄比亚芥二体附加系92I1096(B.napu-carinata,AACC BⅡ,2n=40)与甘蓝型油菜品种宁油10号(B.napus L.,AACC,2n=38)的杂种F2群体中附加染色体的遗传进行了分析,并应用分子生物学技术对92I1096、埃塞俄比亚芥品种Doddola(B. carinata A.,BBCC,2n=34)、宁油10号和92I1096×宁油10号的F2群体SRAP标记进行了筛选.细胞学研究结果表明,杂种植株体细胞染色体数为2n=39,F2群体单株间体细胞染色体数有2n=38、2n=39、2n=40共3种类型.观察的91个单株中,体细胞染色体数2n=40的有8个单株,占8.79%;2n=39的有24个单株,占24.37%;2n=38的有59个单株,占64.83%.说明附加染色体能够在后代中以单体或二体的方式传递.筛选出2个与该附加系的附加染色体连锁的特异SRAP标记,即me19～em51795 和me24～em56350,可用于检测该附加系的附加染色体.     

小麦异附加系种质资源的开发利用初探

为了开发利用小麦异附加系种质资源,笔者从利用小麦异附加系与相应的单、缺体杂交选育小麦异代换系;利用小麦异附加系与拟斯卑尔脱山羊草杂交,诱导部分同源染色体配对重组选育异代换系;利用小麦异附加系与Ph隐性突变体Ph1b杂交选育易位系;利用小麦异附加系进行组织培养选育异易位系;利用小麦异附加系进行辐射诱发异源易位;利用小麦异附加系可以选育小麦核不育系的XYZ系方面探讨了利用途径.     

人工合成的十个优良小麦种质系的细胞学和性状特点的研究

本试验对从八倍体小偃麦与普遍小麦的杂种后代中选出的10个优良小麦种质系,进行了细胞学和田间试验鉴定。结果表明,在这10个小麦种质系中,其中有2个品系为单体异附加系,1个品系为双单体异附加系,2个品系为双体异附加系。有5个品系染色体数目与普通小麦相同,但具有偃麦草的某些特点,细胞学上具有异常行为,它们可能为新的次生六倍体小麦。这些小麦种质系中,有的综合性状较好,具有较好的丰产性能,有希望在生产上直接加以利用;有的虽然综合表现欠佳,但具有突出特点,可作为种质材料在育种上利用。     

铁离子掺杂TiO2基自洁净玻璃的制备及性能

用溶胶—凝胶法制备了表面镀有Fe—TiO2光催化薄膜的自洁净玻璃，并利用DTA—TG，XRD，SEM等手段研究了Fe—TiO2光催化薄膜的结构与特征。利用紫外—可见光分光光度计测量了不同镀膜层数的玻璃的透光率。通过光催化降解有机磷农药敌敌畏的水溶液，研究了不同铁含量以及不同镀膜层数对自洁净玻璃光催化活性的影响。研究结果表明：光催化薄膜主要由粒径为几十纳米的Fe3O4和TiO2颗粒构成；铁离子掺杂可以提高自洁净玻璃的光催化活性，在同样镀膜层数(2层)的情况下，[Fe]/[TiO2](摩尔比)＝0．005时的光催化性能最好；当用同样浓度的铁离子掺杂时，镀膜层数为9的光催化活性最高。     

小麦-中间偃麦草异附加系Z4的外源染色质的分子标记

以中间偃麦草基因组DNA为探针对小麦中间偃麦草异附加系Z4进行基因组原位杂交分析，表明异附加系Z4附加的一对中间偃麦草染色体与普通小麦的一对染色体发生了相互易位。对中间偃麦草、Z4和普通小麦品种宛7107进行RAPD分析，在100条随机引物中，有两个引物S1053和S1068在Z4中能扩出中间偃麦草的特异带。在利用Z4进行小麦抗锈病育种时，可使用这两个标记进行辅助选择。     

原油管道低输量运行问题

原油管道一般按油田高产期外输设计的，在油田开采的初期和末期，原油管道必然出现不满输现象，由于油田自然老化，原油外输量减少，油田自炼油增加；设计时对油田产量估计过高，导致管径设计过大等原因，使我国多数管道出现低输量情况，提出了实际输量稍高于允许最低输量叫低输量，实际输量低于允许最低输量叫超低输量等界定指标，我国盛产高粘易凝原油，低输量运行既不经济又很不安全。国外的办法一般是掺稀油输送或加药改性，延长