水洗结合pH值调整对鸡肉糜低盐热凝胶特性的影响

为解决肉糜类产品含盐量偏高而降低食盐添加量又影响其凝胶特性的技术难题,研究水洗结合pH值调整处理对0.88%食盐含量鸡胸肉糜热凝胶的质构特性、水分吸附和保水性的影响,并与0.15%和2.5%食盐添加量组进行对比。结果表明:水洗结合pH值调整不利于2.5%食盐组样品的质构特性,但对0.15%和0.88%食盐组的改善效果显著;pH值调整可显著增强0.15%和0.88%食盐组水洗肉糜的溶胀和凝胶保水性。2×2析因分析发现水洗和pH值调整具有显著的主效应和交互效应(P<0.05):两两比较后得出水洗组和pH值调整组的假设检验统计量(t值)为4.69,而水洗结合pH值调整组与未处理组的t值为30.25,P值均小于0.001。这些结果说明水洗结合pH值调整处理的新工艺可以使肌肉蛋白形成具有良好质构特性和保水性的低盐热凝胶,从而为低盐肉糜类产品的研发提供参考。     

锡烯化学的进展

本文概述了十几年来锡烯化学的发展,总结了迄今所合成的稳定锡烯及其所属类型,锡烯的主要合成方法,锡烯的反应,以及锡烯可能存在的构型。     

小偃麦异附加系的细胞学及分子标记鉴定

利用形态学、细胞学、A—PAGE和RAPD方法，对5个小麦-中间偃麦草(Thinopyrum intermedium)双体异附加系Line5、Line6、Line11、Line12和Line13进行了鉴定。细胞学鉴定结果表明，它们根尖细胞染色体数目为2n=44，花粉母细胞减数分裂中期I(PMC MⅠ)染色体构型为2n=22Ⅱ，具有高度的细胞学稳定性；形态学鉴定和A—PAGE电泳分析证明，Line12和Line13可能附加了中间偃麦草第2部分同源群的染色体，Line5和Line6可能附加了中间偃麦草第1部分同源群的染色体；RAPD分析表明，在供试的80个随机引物中，有2个引物S20和S21能够在亲本中间偃麦草和双体异附加系中稳定扩增出特异带型，并可作为异附加系所附加染色体的特异RAPD标记。     

利用Sod同工酶和RAPD标记鉴定小麦-中间偃麦草双体异附加系

利用Sod同工酶标记和RAPD标记对DAL1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10和11等11个小麦-中间偃麦草双体异附加系进行了鉴定。通过Sod同工酶分析，将Sod-Agil基因定位于中间偃麦草第2部分同源群染色体上，同工酶标记Sod-1Rf=0．35为异附加系DAL1、3、5、6、8、9、10和11的特有生化际记。RAPD分析结果表明，引物OPF16是特异引物，为异附加系DAL4、5、9、10和11所共有。OPF16 560是DAL5、9、10、11的特异RAPD标记，OPF16 1200是DAL4的特异RAPD标记。综合鉴定结果表明：DAL1、3、5、6、8、9、1O和11等8个异附加系中附加的是中间偃麦草第2部分同源群的染色体。DAL5、9、10、11是同一种异附加系，附加的异源染色体属于八倍体中5所携带的中间偃麦草染色体组；DAL6和DAL8为同一种异附加系：DAL2和DAL4是不同的异附加系，DAL4中附加的是不同于中2、中5所携带的中间偃麦染色体组的另外一个染色体组的染色体。应用上述遗传标记．可以快速地鉴定异附加系DAL1、3、4、5、6、8、9、10、11。     

Soil phosphorous buffer coefficient as influenced by time and rate of P addition

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of time and rate of phosphorus (P) addition on phosphorus availability and phosphorus buffer coefficient in some calcareous soils. Phosphorus was added to the samples at rates of 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg P kg^?1 soil. The samples were incubated for 0.041, 1, 7, 14, 21, 30, 60 and 90 days at constant temperature and moisture. Extractable phosphorus was determined after the incubation. The results showed a sharp decrease in available P within 1 h after P addition. There was a linear relation between added P and extractable P in all soils. The buffer coefficients of soils were estimated by Olsen P for above incubation periods. Generally the buffer coefficient decreased with increasing time of incubation. The results indicated that inputs of between 23 – 59 mg kg^?1 are required to raise Olsen P by 10 mg kg^?1 in these calcareous soils, which assuming 2500 t soil ha^?1, gives a required input of 58 – 148 kg P ha^?1.     

不同土地利用方式土壤温室气体排放对碳氮添加的响应

揭示不同土地利用方式下土壤N2O产生机制及其CO2和CH4的排放,有助于土壤温室气体减排措施的制定。本研究以长沙金井河流域酸性红壤上菜地、稻田、茶园和林地土壤为研究对象,控制温度和土壤含水量,采用静态培养-气相色谱法,研究4种利用方式土壤N2O、CO2和CH4的排放对不同碳氮和硝化抑制剂添加的响应。结果表明,由于土壤pH较低,酸性红壤外加氮源后仅有较小的N2O排放。葡萄糖能够促进尿素添加后N2O的排放及土壤反硝化作用N2O的排放。异养硝化作用可能是酸性红壤N2O产生的主要途径。硝化抑制剂双氰胺（DCD）对酸性红壤N2O减排无明显效果。碳氮添加后土壤N2O的总排放量表现为茶园 > 菜地 > 稻田 > 林地。外源有机碳能够显著促进4种利用方式土壤CO2的排放,表现为茶园、稻田 > 菜地、林地。但除稻田土壤CH4排放增加外,菜地、茶园和林地土壤CH4排放对外源有机碳无明显响应。     

Effects of land-use type and nitrogen addition on nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide production potentials in Japanese Andosols

Land-use type and nitrogen (N) addition strongly affect nitrous oxide (N₂O) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) production, but the impacts of their interaction and the controlling factors remain unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of both factors simultaneously on N₂O and CO₂ production and associated soil chemical and biological properties. Surface soils (0–10 cm) from three adjacent lands (apple orchard, grassland and deciduous forest) in central Japan were selected and incubated aerobically for 12 weeks with addition of 0, 30 or 150 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1. Land-use type had a significant (p < 0.001) impact on the cumulative N₂O and CO₂ production. Soils from the apple orchard had higher N₂O and CO₂ production potentials than those from the grassland and forest soils. Soil net N mineralization rate had a positive correlation with both soil N₂O and CO₂ production rates. Furthermore, the N₂O production rate was positively correlated with the CO₂ production rate. In the soils with no N addition, the dominant soil properties influencing N₂O production were found to be the ammonium-N content and the ratio of soil microbial biomass carbon to nitrogen (MBC/MBN), while those for CO₂ production were the content of nitrate-N and soluble organic carbon. N₂O production increased with the increase in added N doses for the three land-use types and depended on the status of the initial soil available N. The effect of N addition on CO₂ production varied with land use type; with the increase of N addition doses, it decreased for the apple orchard and forest soils but increased for the grassland soils. This difference might be due to the differences in microbial flora as indicated by the MBC/MBN ratio. Soil N mineralization was the major process controlling N₂O and CO₂ production in the examined soils under aerobic incubation conditions.     

Species enrichment in an agriculturally improved grassland and its effects on botanical composition, yield and forage quality

In a field experiment, the effects of different management treatments on the botanical development and productivity of a previously species‐poor, intensively managed, lowland permanent grass sward were investigated over a 4‐year period. Fertilizer inputs were stopped and nine main treatments, based on three pre‐sowing and three post‐sowing cutting regimes, were applied. Half of each treatment plot was oversown with a mixture of forb (wildflower) species and half left unsown. The aims were: (1) to investigate the effect of cutting regimes on the establishment of introduced forb species, (2) to assess the development and dry‐matter (DM) yield potential of these introduced species, and (3) to compare the DM yield and forage quality of swards with and without introduced species. Seedling establishment was recorded until the end of the second year. From the third year onwards, a common twice‐yearly cutting regime was imposed on all treatments, and the development of the introduced species was recorded. The DM yield of the nine oversown sub‐treatments was compared with the sub‐treatments not oversown. Frequent cutting after oversowing resulted in the greatest number of established plants and three times greater harvested DM yield of introduced species, compared with infrequent cutting. Plantago lanceolata and Trifolium pratense were the best performing introduced species. By years 3 and 4, there was proportionately 0·15 and 0·23, respectively, additional herbage DM yield harvested from the oversown treatments compared with unsown treatments, and up to 0·60 more in some treatments. The introduction of forbs increased the crude protein concentration, but decreased the digestibility of the forage.     

氮添加对杨树人工林表层土壤微生物群落结构的影响1）

以江苏东台沿海地区杨树人工林地为研究对象,建立野外模拟氮沉降试验样地,试验设置5个氮处理水平,分别为对照（0 kg· hm－2· a－1）、低氮（50 kg· hm－2· a－1）、中氮（100 kg· hm－2· a－1）、高氮（150 kg· hm－2· a－1）和超高氮（300 kg · hm－2· a－1）。于2012年5月开始在生长季（5—10月）每月进行施氮处理,2013年8月和10月运用磷脂脂肪酸法分别分析了土壤微生物群落的变化特征。结果表明,施氮处理近2 a后,两个月份中的土壤微生物磷脂脂肪酸总量均显著下降,细菌、真菌中磷脂脂肪酸的量出现了不同程度的下降,真菌与细菌中磷脂脂肪酸的量之比没有显著变化。磷脂脂肪酸组成的主成分分析显示,除低氮处理样地外,其他水平施氮样地均使微生物群落结构显著变化,且超高氮处理样地变化格局具有季节差异性。