Surveillance of Human Rabies by National Authorities – A Global Survey

Effective prevention of deaths due to human rabies is currently hampered by a lack of understanding of the scale of the problem, and the distribution of both animal and human cases across countries, regions and continents. Unfortunately, despite the severity of the disease, accurate data on which to assess these questions and to prioritize and direct public health interventions are not available for many parts of the world. This survey sought to understand the current global situation regarding the surveillance of human rabies. Data were collected from 91 countries across all continents and all categories of human rabies risk, generating the most complete and representative global data set currently available. Respondents were asked key questions about whether human rabies was a notifiable disease, how the surveillance system for human rabies operated and whether the respondent considered that the surveillance system was working effectively. Across the 91 countries from which data were collated, human rabies was a notifiable disease in all but eight. Despite international guidance, surveillance systems were very varied. Even where rabies is a notifiable disease, many countries had surveillance system judged to be ineffective, almost all of these being high and moderate rabies risk countries in Africa and Asia. Overall, 41% of the population covered by this survey (around 2.5 billion people) live in countries where there is no or ineffective rabies surveillance. The lack of robust surveillance is hindering rabies control efforts. However, whilst worldwide rabies surveillance would be improved if rabies were notifiable in all countries, many other challenges to the implementation of effective global human rabies surveillance systems remain.     

闽侯县油茶病害调查及防治措施

在对福建省闽侯县的油茶(Camellia oleifera Abel)病害全面踏查的基础上,对福建省闽侯桐口国有林场发生较严重的病害进行样地调查。共鉴定出18种主要病害,其中叶(梢)部病害14种,枝干病害3种,根部病害1种。发生较为严重且分布广泛的病害有油茶软腐病、炭疽病、煤污病、白腐病(半边疯)、桑寄生,并提出了其中5种主要病害的防治措施。     

多尺度自注意力特征融合的茶叶病害检测方法

针对茶叶病害检测面临的病害尺度多变、病害密集与遮挡等诸多问题,提出了一种多尺度自注意力茶叶病害检测方法(Multi-scale guided self-attention network, MSGSN)。该方法首先采用基于VGG16的多尺度特征提取模块,以获取茶叶病害图像在不同尺度下的局部细节特征,例如纹理和边缘等,从而有效表达多尺度的局部特征。其次,通过自注意力模块捕获茶叶图像中像素之间的全局依赖关系,实现病害图像全局信息与局部特征之间的有效交互。最后,采用通道注意力机制对多尺度特征进行加权融合,提升了模型对病害多尺度特征的表征能力,使其更加关注关键特征,从而提高了病害检测的准确性。实验结果表明,融合多尺度自注意力的茶叶病害检测方法在背景复杂、病害尺度多变等场景下具有更好的检测效果,平均精度均值达到92.15%。该方法可为茶叶病害的智能诊断提供参考依据。     

作物病害智能诊断与处方推荐技术研究进展

由“植物诊所”形成的电子病历为作物病害处方推荐提供了新的思路。如何高效地挖掘电子病历数据并辅助作物病害处方推荐,目前还是亟待解决的研究热点问题。在总结和整理现有国内外研究文献的基础上,对基于显微图像的作物病害病菌孢子识别、基于光谱的作物病害诊断、基于电子病历的作物病害处方推荐等作物病害诊断与处方推荐关键技术进行了系统分析与讨论。综述结果表明,围绕作物病害病菌侵染过程,以智能化处方推荐需求为导向,开展基于电子病历数据挖掘的作物病害处方推荐研究,将成为一个研究重点。针对作物病害处方推荐过程中,存在由于作物病害致病机理复杂、作物品种及病害种类多、病害病症动态变化且特征多等特点和难点,研究基于电子病历数据挖掘的作物病害致病机理解析、诊断推理、智能化处方推荐及其应用策略,将是研究的重大方向;探索基于知识图谱分析、大数据挖掘和机器学习算法推理等关键技术的作物病害电子病历数据挖掘分析研究,从区域宏观视角可视化解析作物病害致病机理及其与特征间的关联关系,面向实际应用场景实现基于诊断推理的单一作物病害处方推荐、基于语义匹配的多种作物多种病害处方推荐,具有更大的实际意义。     

After nasopharyngeal infection,foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A RNA is shed in bovine milk without associated mastitis

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious aphthoviral infection of cloven-hoofed animals, inducing vesiculopustular stomatitis, pododermatitis, and thelitis. Vesicular fluid represents a major pathway of virus excretion, but bovine milk is another important source of virus shedding. We describe here the time course of FMD virus (FMDV) excretion in the milk and characterize associated lesions in the mammary gland. Three dairy cows were infected by nasopharyngeal instillation of FMDV and monitored over 12 d. Autopsy was performed at the end of the study, and specimens were collected for histopathology, IHC, and RT-qPCR. All 3 cows developed fever, drooling, vesiculopustular stomatitis, interdigital dermatitis, and thelitis. FMDV RNA was detectable in whole milk until the end of the trial, but only transiently in saliva, nasal secretions, and blood serum. Although histology confirmed vesiculopustular lesions in the oral and epidermal specimens, the mammary glands did not have unequivocal evidence of FMDV-induced inflammation. FMDV antigen was detectable in skin and oral mucosa, but not in the mammary gland, and FMDV RNA was detectable in 9 of 29 samples of squamous epithelia but only in 1 of 12 samples of mammary gland.     

Clinical and pathologic features of acute bovine liver disease in Australia

Acute bovine liver disease (ABLD) is a sporadic hepatic disease affecting cattle in southern Australia, characterized histologically by striking periportal hepatocellular necrosis. The cause of ABLD is unknown; however, the seasonality and acute presentation of outbreaks suggest mycotoxin involvement. We describe here the clinical and pathologic findings of ABLD in 45 naturally affected cattle from 13 outbreaks occurring from 2010 to 2019 in Victoria, Australia. Outbreaks occurred in herds located along the southern coastal plain of Victoria and were observed most frequently in lactating dairy cattle. Clinical signs commonly included a combination of mild photosensitization, progressive neurologic signs, and hypogalactia, which preceded death by ≤ 48 h. All affected animals had marked elevations in activities of glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase. At autopsy, the most common lesions were serosal petechiae and/or gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and hepatomegaly with a pronounced hepatic reticular pattern. The principal histologic lesion was widespread—severe periportal hepatocellular coagulative necrosis and erythrocyte pooling—which often extended to massive necrosis. Lesions in other organs were uncommon. Our study of ABLD suggests involvement of a potent hepatotoxin that is either directly cytopathic or requires bioactivation by periportal-specific enzymes.     

2种桑树病原真菌多重PCR检测方法的建立

目的 褐斑病与轮纹病是桑树Morus alba 的2种常见真菌性病害,危害严重,给生产上带来极大损失。本研究旨在快速准确地诊断2种病害的主要病原菌新褐斑壳丰孢Neophloeospora maculans与膝节霉Gonatophragmium triuniae。方法 基于多重PCR原理,针对2种病原菌的核糖体内转录间隔区(Internal transcribed spacer, ITS)序列设计多重PCR的特异性引物,优化多重PCR反应的条件,并通过对45份不同地区桑树褐斑病与轮纹病样本进行检测以验证所建立的多重PCR的可行性。结果 建立的多重PCR检测体系具有良好的可操作性,特异性良好,2种病原菌的DNA检测灵敏度分别达0.1 和1.0 pg/μL,通过对不同地区的田间收集的多份桑树病样进行检测,可以明显区分出不同地区2种病害病原菌的种类。结论 所建立的多重PCR技术可用于桑树褐斑病与轮纹病病原菌的快速检测,可为桑树真菌性病害的防控建立基础。     

番茄SlβCA3在防御丁香假单胞菌番茄致病变种中的功能

【背景】在全球气候变化的背景下,大气CO₂浓度的升高会影响植物病害的发生,进而影响农业生产。β型碳酸酐酶（β- carbonic anhydrase,βCA）是植物CO₂感应和浓缩系统中的重要组成元件,参与拟南芥和烟草的植物免疫过程,但在番茄（Solanum lycopersicum）等园艺作物中的研究较少。【目的】通过探究番茄SlβCA3在抵御植物病害中的作用及机制,为番茄生产中的抗性调控提供科学依据。【方法】以拟南芥AtβCA氨基酸系列为参考序列,在番茄Sol genomics network 数据库中鉴定到4个SlβCA。进一步以野生型（wild-type,WT）番茄‘Ailsa Craig’（AC）为材料接种丁香假单胞菌番茄致病变种（Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000,Pst DC3000）,利用qRT-PCR技术测定叶片中SlβCA的表达量,筛选出受Pst DC3000诱导表达的基因SlβCA3。在此基础上,以AC为背景,利用农杆菌介导法进行番茄遗传转化,构建SlβCA3稳定过表达植株（OE-SlβCA3）。通过观察OE-SlβCA3植株接种Pst DC3000后的抗性表型,明确SlβCA3在番茄抵御Pst DC3000过程中的作用。为了研究SlβCA3调控植物抗病性的内在机制,比较WT和OE-SlβCA3植株接种Pst DC3000与对照条件下转录组的变化,并利用KEGG数据库对差异基因进行功能分析,推测糖代谢与SlβCA3介导的免疫反应有关。最后,通过测定WT和OE-SlβCA3植株糖代谢及其信号途径相关基因表达量以及葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖含量,对转录组结果进行验证及分析。【结果】OE-SlβCA3植株对Pst DC3000的抗性增强,接种Pst DC3000后,叶片中的细菌生长量、病斑数以及死细胞积累量明显减少。转录组测序结果显示,正常条件下,OE-SlβCA3植株转录谱没有发生明显变化;接种Pst DC3000后,在WT和OE-SlβCA3植株中检测到2 100个Pst DC3000诱导基因,其中有63.3%的基因在OE-SlβCA3植株中表达量更高。KEGG分析结果显示,依赖于SlβCA3过表达的Pst DC3000诱导基因富集在糖代谢相关路径中,包括淀粉和蔗糖代谢,内质网中的蛋白质加工（糖基化）,氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢,真核生物中的核糖体生物合成以及光合作用等路径。糖代谢与糖信号密不可分,qRT-PCR及糖含量测定结果显示,接种Pst DC3000后,OE-SlβCA3植株叶片中糖代谢及其信号传导途径相关基因表达量与葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖的含量较WT更高。【结论】番茄SlβCA3的过表达增强了植株对Pst DC3000的抗性,该过程可能与糖代谢及其信号通路在植物免疫中的作用有关。     

内生砖红镰刀菌对番茄生长和抗病的影响

为探究内生真菌砖红镰刀菌在番茄生长及抗病过程中的作用,使用1×107CFU/mL砖红镰刀菌芽生孢子悬液浸根处理发芽的番茄,结果显示:处理50 d后番茄株高较对照组增加了1.15倍;叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量较对照组分别增加1.16倍和1.47倍;根系生物量较对照增加1.38倍;砖红镰刀菌处理组对番茄枯萎病的病情指数(45.16%)较对照组(74.15%)下降;浸根处理20 d时植物生长素合成关键基因SlYUC5、水杨酸合成关键基因SlICS1表达水平与未处理对照组相比无显著差异;处理30及40 d后,SlYUC5表达水平较对照组相比表达显著上升,SlICS1表达水平较对照组显著降低;茉莉酸合成途径关键基因SlLOXD在20 d时表达水平较对照组显著下调38.73%(P<0.01),而在30 d时其表达量与对照组无显著差异,40 d后,其表达量较对照组显著上调(2.33倍,P<0.01);试验组中植物抗性相关蛋白基因SlPR1a在20、30和40 d的表达量被显著上调了7.89倍、5.77倍和1.8倍(P<0.01)。进一步用GFP标记菌株进行荧光定殖观察并通过qPCR法计...