Proper Heat Shock Pretreatment Reduces Acute Liver Injury Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride and Accelerates Liver Repair in Mice

Whether proper heat shock preconditioning can reduce liver injury and accelerate liver repair after acute liver injury is worth study. So mice received heat shock preconditioning at 40°C for 10 minutes (min), 20 min or 30 min and recovered at room temperature for 8 hours (h) under normal feeding conditions. Then acute liver injury was induced in the heat shock-pretreated mice and unheated control mice by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄). Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and the expression levels of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were detected in the unheated control mice and heat shock-pretreated mice after CCl₄ administration. Our results showed that heat shock preconditioning at 40°C for 20 min remarkably improved the mice’s survival rate (P<0.05), lowered the levels of serum AST and ALT (P<0.05), induced HSP70 (P<0.01), CYP1A2 (P<0.01) and PCNA (P<0.05) expression, effectively reduced liver injury (P<0.05) and accelerated the liver repair (P<0.05) compared with heat shock preconditioning at 40°C for 10 min or 30 min in the mice after acute liver injury induced by CCl₄ when compared with the control mice. Our results may be helpful in further investigation of heat shock pretreatment as a potential clinical approach to target liver injury     

Variation in ptaquiloside content in bracken (Pteridium esculentum (Forst. f) Cockayne) in New Zealand

AIM: To examine stands of bracken fern (Pteridium esculentum) from throughout New Zealand for the presence and concentration of ptaquiloside (Pta), and to compare the presence and/or concentrations of Pta in areas where bovine enzootic haematuria (BEH) and/or acute haemorrhagic syndrome (AHS) has been known to occur with those where BEH/AHS has not been recorded.

METHODS: Stands of bracken fern were sampled from 275 sites throughout New Zealand. Sixty-two stands were from a regional survey predominantly from the Waikato and Coromandel regions, 27 were from a farm in the King Country where BEH/AHS had been investigated previously, and 186 were from a national survey of the North and South Islands. Sampling sites were from a mixture of grazed paddocks, roadsides, and forest and bush areas. Samples comprised whole young fronds, the tops of unfurling young fronds, or, for the Regional Survey, mature green fronds from the previous season. Pta was extracted from the samples, and measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Information on the occurrence of BEH/AHS at specific locations was obtained from published information and records from animal health laboratories in New Zealand.

RESULTS: The 275 samples contained widely varying concentrations of Pta. In the Farm Survey, concentrations ranged from 280–13,300 (mean 3,800) µg/g (on a dry-weight basis) in the 63% of samples that contained Pta. A high proportion of samples from the Regional and National Surveys covering large areas of the country contained no detectable levels of Pta. The majority (61%) of samples from these two surveys which contained Pta were from areas where BEH/AHS was reported to occur. Combining data from all surveys, in areas with reported BEH/AHS, 42% of samples collected contained Pta, compared with 6% where BEH/AHS was not known to occur.

CONCLUSIONS: Concentrations of Pta in bracken in New Zealand vary greatly, and in a high proportion of stands Pta is not found. A higher incidence of Pta, and some very high concentrations, are found in areas where BEH/AHS was known to occur.     

茎直黄芪中毒中药复方预防解毒散急性和亚慢性毒性试验

为评价茎直黄芪中药复方解毒散的安全性,进行了茎直黄芪中药复方解毒散对小鼠的急性毒性和亚慢性毒性试验研究。采用改良Karber法测得茎直黄芪中药复方解毒散对小鼠的口服急性毒性LD50为（176.91±22.70）g/kg,95%可信限为156.60-202.00 g/kg,属低毒;采用经口灌胃法对小鼠连续给药7 d,7 d后对小鼠各项生理指标的测定结果表明,茎直黄芪中药复方解毒散在使用剂量范围内对小鼠的行为、体质量、饮食状况、生理和生化指标均无不良影响。在亚慢性毒性试验中,给药7 d后各给药组小鼠肾脏脏器系数与对照组差异不显著（P〉0.05）;各种酶指标与对照组亦无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。由此可知,茎直黄芪中药复方预防解毒散毒性极低,使用安全。     

Effect of glutamine deprivation on growth and differentiation of primary APL cells

AIM:To investigate the effect of Gln deprivation on growth and differentiation of primary APL cells. METHODS: The primary APL cells were collected from 18 cases of APL patients’ periphery blood, the patients had not been treated. The cells were incubated in RPMI 1640 without or with different contents of glutamine and with 10% fetal calf sera, at 37℃,5% CO 2 and saturation humidity for 4 days.The initial living cell density was 5×10⁸/L. After 4 days incubation,the cells were counted,collected, smeard and stained with Wright-Giemsa, DNA, POX, NAE and NaF inhibition,gulping ink and NBT etc. cytochemical technology. The stained cells were investigated under oil immersion lens. RESULTS: The living cell density became (54.28±4.28)% of the initial in glutamine deprivation group, but the living cell density in control with 4 mmol/L Gln was (108.56±12.27 )% of the initial ( P <0.01) after 4 days incubation. The cells differentiated into mature granulocytes in glutamine deprivation group.CONCLUSION: Deprivation of glutamine inhibited primary APL cell growth and induced cell differentiation toward mature granulocyte.     

主动脉内球囊反搏术辅助治疗急性心肌梗死并心源性休克的疗效观察

目的：观察主动脉内球囊反搏术(IABC)辅助治疗急性心肌梗死(AMI)并心源性休克的效果。方法：分析27例AMI并心源性体患者应用IABP后的治疗效果。结果：27例接受IABP治疗后，血流动力学稳定，其中的12例接受再血管化治疗，1例发生再梗死，2例出现恶性心律失常，存话15例，死亡12例，存活率为55．6％。结论：IABP可有效稳定血流动力学状态，减少再梗死，为再血管化治疗赢得了时间，提高了生存率，是有效的辅助治疗手段。     

蚕卵抗菌物质的诱导及其蚁蚕的动物试验

不同强度的超声波和热冲击处理越年蚕卵后，将孵化的蚁蚕匀浆、离心，取上清液，抑菌试验表明，当超声波强度在０．３Ａ以上，处理时间为５ｍｉｎ时，能有效诱导抗菌物质的产生；４５℃热冲击则无明显效果．将超声波诱导后的蚁蚕进行冷冻干燥和粉碎处理，经动物急性毒性试验，表明对人安全；对动物的应激能力（耐缺氧、耐高温以及游泳时间）试验表明，经超声波处理的蚁蚕能显著提高动物的应激能力（ｐ＜０．０５）．同时蚕卵孵化率在９５％以上，说明各处理强度对蚕卵均属安全范围，其蚁蚕可以继续饲养．本试验也为充分利用废弃蚕卵提供了一种新的途径     

沙冬青种子总黄酮提取纯化与急性毒性及抗氧化活性研究

本研究旨在探讨沙冬青种子总黄酮的提取纯化、急性毒性和抗氧化活性等特性。采用超声辅助提取法提取纯化沙冬青种子总黄酮,用AlCl_3-CH_4O显色法进行沙冬青种子总黄酮含量测定;对纯化后沙冬青种子总黄酮进行急性毒性试验;采用体外Fenton体系产生羟基自由基(·OH)和邻苯三酚自氧化法产生超氧自由基(O^-_2),检测沙冬青种子总黄酮对·OH和O^-_2的清除作用;测定沙冬青种子总黄酮对衰老小鼠血清丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响。结果显示,沙冬青种子总黄酮含量测定方法的精密度(RSD=0.78%)、重复性(RSD=0.52%)、稳定性(RSD=0.65%)、回收率(99.140%)均在误差范围内,提取纯化后沙冬青种子总黄酮含量达86.780%。沙冬青种子总黄酮属于无毒化合物,并对·OH和O^-_2具有良好的清除能力,在总黄酮作用剂量为1 250μg/mL时,对·OH和O^-_2的清除率分别达96.45%和50.39%。与衰老模型组小鼠相比,沙冬青种子总黄酮可极显著提高小鼠血清SOD活力(P<0.01),其中,在150 mg/(kg·d)总黄酮剂量组,小鼠血清SOD活力高达102.42 U/mL。此外,与衰老模型组小鼠相比,沙冬青种子总黄酮可极显著降低小鼠血清中MDA含量(P<0.01),以150 mg/(kg·d)总黄酮剂量组降低效果最明显。上述结果提示,沙冬青种子总黄酮具有良好的自由基清除能力和抗氧化活性,从而有效改善和提高机体免疫力。     

急性冷应激对阿勒泰羊HSP60、HSP70和HSP90基因mRNA表达的影响

为研究急性冷应激通过影响热休克蛋白含量的变化对阿勒泰羊抗寒性能、生产性能及抗病性能等的影响,试验设置常温组（15 ℃±2 ℃）与冷应激组（-25 ℃±2 ℃）,每组各5只羊,屠宰后分别采集急性冷应激组（冷应激24 h后）和常温组的心脏、肝脏、脾脏和肾脏组织。采用实时荧光定量PCR技术对HSP60、HSP70和HSP90 mRNA含量变化进行检测,并对HSP60、HSP70和HSP90基因进行同源性分析。结果显示,HSP70和HSP90基因与已有绵羊序列同源性高于99%,而HSP60基因与已有波斯金牛序列同源性高于99%;冷刺激后HSP60基因在心脏、肝脏、脾脏和肾脏组织中的表达较常温组均升高,且在肾脏中的表达量差异极显著（P<0.01）;冷刺激后HSP70基因在心脏、肝脏、脾脏和肾脏组织中的表达较常温组均升高,且在肝脏和肾脏组织中的表达量差异极显著（P<0.01）;冷刺激后HSP90基因在心脏、肝脏、脾脏和肾脏组织中的表达较常温组均升高,且在肝脏组织中表达量差异显著（P<0.05）,而在脾脏和肾脏组织中的表达量差异极显著（P<0.01）。表明急性冷应激极大程度地刺激了机体的产热机能,通过通路中的产热相关基因的相互调节使其能量代谢发生改变,从而提高细胞生存率,增强机体对环境胁迫的耐受力,能更好地适应环境温度的变化。试验结果为进一步深入研究急性冷应激对阿勒泰羊机体的影响提供一定理论依据。     

犬药物性急性肾损伤模型的建立及评价

[目的]探讨建立犬药物性急性肾损伤模型。[方法]16只健康成年比格犬每8 h皮下注射20 mg/kg庆大霉素,注射前血肌酐浓度(SCr)作为基线,注射后每6 h采集血液检测SCr浓度,于SCr无明显升高、SCr升高临近正常值上限及SCr升高到基线1.5倍时观察肾组织病理形态学改变,确定犬药物性急性肾损伤模型。[结果]SCr在注射庆大霉素后78 h显著升高(P<0.05),实验犬SCr均在120～132 h达到基线的1.5倍;肾组织在SCr升高到基线1.5倍时肾皮质大面积的肾小管变性、坏死,管腔有较多的细胞碎片和颗粒管型,基底膜裸露明显,髓质损伤较轻;与健康对照组相比,注射后肾损伤评分差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且肾损伤随用药时间延长评分逐渐增加。[结论]庆大霉素每8 h皮下注射20 mg/kg直至SCr浓度升高到基线1.5倍的方法可成功建立犬药物性急性肾损伤模型。     

Feeding hay rich in water‐soluble carbohydrates improves ruminal pH without affecting rumination and systemic health in early lactation dairy cows

Forages rich in water‐soluble carbohydrates (WSC) might be an ideal energy source during early lactation, as they provide both energy for milk production and structural fibre to promote chewing and rumen buffering. Thus, the aim was to investigate feeding strategies based on high‐quality hay rich in WSC with graded amounts of concentrate on ruminating behaviour, ruminal pH and systemic health variables. Twenty‐four Simmental cows were randomly allocated to four groups beginning 10 days before until 28 days after calving. Diets were 60LQH (60% fibre‐rich hay plus 40% concentrate), 60HQH, 75HQH and 100HQH (60%, 75% and 100% high‐quality hay, plus 40%, 25% and 0% concentrate, respectively). Hay qualities differed in contents of WSC (110 g vs. 198 g of dry matter [DM]), neutral detergent fibre (646 g vs. 423 g of DM) and crude protein (65 g vs. 223 g of DM). Rumination was recorded using the Rumiwatch system over 4 days during the last week. Weekly serum samples were analysed for the liver enzymes aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase and γ‐glutamyltransferase and the acute phase proteins serum amyloid A and haptoglobin. Four cows per group received a wireless pH sensor orally placed into the rumen one week before the expected calving date. Daily time spent chewing did not differ between groups. Likewise differences in minimum, maximum and mean pH‐values were not significant, but daily time of reticular pH <6 was longer in cows fed 60LQH compared to cows fed 100HQH (p = 0.043) and in tendency to cows fed 75HQH or 60HQH (p = 0.072 or p = 0.086, respectively). Blood parameters were unaffected by diet. Accordingly the present results demonstrate that feeding hay rich in WSC helped stabilizing the reticuloruminal pH in early lactation dairy cows, even in combination with 40% concentrates in DM.