Deastringency treatment with CO2 induces oxidative stress in persimmon fruit

Because of astringency at harvest, ‘Rojo Brillante’ persimmons are regularly submitted to deastringency treatment based on exposing fruit to a high CO₂ concentration. The treatment conditions that ensure total astringency removal throughout the various maturity stages have been determined to be 95% CO₂, 20 °C, 24 h. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the redox state of persimmon fruit associated with this deastringency treatment. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (O₂⁻ and H₂O₂), and the activities of the main ROS scavenging enzymes (CAT, POD, APX, and SOD), were determined at harvest and after deastringency in fruit at three different maturity stages.Our results showed that during ‘Rojo Brillante’ persimmon maturation, the level of O₂⁻ gradually increased, while APX activity was lowered. The deastringency treatment with CO₂ induced oxidative stress in the fruit, observed as an over-accumulation of O₂⁻ and H₂O₂. As a response to ROS accumulation, the activities of the CAT, APX and SOD scavenging enzymes were up-regulated after deastringency treatment. The response of POD enzyme was dependent on maturity stage, showing enhanced activity after CO₂ treatment only for the fruit at the most mature stage.     

Antioxidant Activity in Salt‐Stressed Barley Leaves: Evaluating Time‐ and Age‐Dependence and Suitability for the Use as a Biochemical Marker in Breeding Programs

Soil salinity disturbs the equilibrium between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and removal, leading to a dramatic increase in ROS concentration and oxidative damage. Enzymatic scavenging is one of the two main mechanisms involved in ROS detoxification in plants. This study has investigated the role of major antioxidant (AO) enzymes in mitigating salinity‐induced oxidative stress in plant shoots. Firstly, two barley varieties were used to evaluate the activity of major AO enzymes in different leaves and at different times after salt treatment. Our results showed that AO enzyme activities had strong tissue and time specificity. A further study was conducted using six barley varieties contrasting in salinity tolerance. AO enzyme activities and proline contents were measured in the third leaves of seedlings after plants were treated with 240 mm NaCl for 10 days. No significant correlation was revealed between leaf AO activity and either plant grain yield or plant survival rate under salt stress. In contrast, a significant increase in leaf proline content under salt stress was found in all sensitive varieties, while in most tolerant varieties, salt stress did not change leaf proline level. It is concluded that although salinity induces changes in leaf AO enzyme activities, the changes cannot be used as biochemical indicators in breeding for salinity tolerance.     

Extending the shelf life of fresh-cut eggplant with a soy protein–cysteine based edible coating and modified atmosphere packaging

The effect of a soy protein-based edible coating with antioxidant activity, and conventional and superatmospheric modified atmosphere (MA) packaging, on the quality of fresh-cut ‘Telma’ eggplants, was evaluated during storage. In a first experiment, eggplant pieces were dipped in either a coating composed of soy protein isolate (SPI) and 0.5% cysteine (Cys), or water as an uncoated control. Samples were packed in trays under atmospheric conditions to reach a passive MA (MA-P) or two gas mixtures (MA-A: 15 kPa CO₂ + 5 kPa O₂; MA-B: 80 kPa O₂) and were stored at 5 °C. Atmospheric conditions were used as the control conditions (Control). The coated samples packed under MA-B and Control conditions resulted in the highest whiteness index (WI) values during storage, whereas MA-A did not improve the shelf-life of minimally processed eggplants and had the lowest WI values. The MA-B and atmospheric control conditions helped to maintain firmness, whereas the coating helped to maintain the weight loss under MA-A and MA-B. The maximum commercial shelf-life was reached on day 6 for the coated samples packed under atmospheric conditions. In a second experiment, the commercial shelf-life of fresh-cut eggplants was extended to 8 and 9 storage days by increasing the Cys content in the edible coating from 0.5 to 1% under MA-B and Control storage conditions, respectively.     

柑橘褐斑病菌信号转导基因及活性氧解毒机制研究进展

由链格孢菌（Alternaria alternata）引起的柑橘褐斑病（Alternaria brown spot,ABS）是严重为害柑橘的一种真菌病害。在柑橘褐斑病菌中已鉴定出多个信号转导基因,但大多围绕单基因生物学功能的研究,关于信号级联通路主要集中在病原菌解毒活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）方面。研究发现除毒素ACT外,柑橘褐斑病菌对活性氧的高效解毒机制也是其致病所必需的。对柑橘褐斑病菌信号转导基因研究现状进行综述,分析其活性氧解毒相关通路及机制,旨在为进一步研究柑橘褐斑病菌分子致病机制提供参考。     

天然产物活性成分提取分离研究进展

从动物、植物、微生物体内分离得到的某些天然成分,具有结构的多样性和生物活性的多样性,在新药和药物先导化合物的开发中起着重要作用。传统分离技术分离效率低而成本高,新技术的出现将有效改善这一不利局面。为给天然产物活性成分的开发应用提供参考依据,综述了近年来国内外天然产物活性成分提取分离技术的研究进展,并对天然产物活性成分提取分离中存在的问题进行了探讨,还对天然产物活性成分的利用前景进行了展望。     

不同外源物质(灌根)对烤烟根系及 烟叶养分吸收的影响

[目的]明确外源物质根系调控促进烤烟养分吸收和利用的作用机制,为进一步完善基于烤烟提质增效的外源根系调控技术提供科学依据.[方法]采用盆栽试验,设常规施肥(T1)和在常规施肥基础上添加苹果酸(T2)、生根粉(T3)、复硝酚钠与海藻酸钠混合剂(T4)、解淀粉芽孢杆菌FZB42(T5)和膨胀素(T6)6个灌根处理,同时设植烟不施肥处理(CK)用于计算肥料利用率.于团棵期、现蕾期、采收结束时分别测定烟株根、茎、叶干重及烟叶的氮、磷、钾含量,同时测定土壤速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量.[结果]相对于T1和CK处理,T4、T5和T6处理显著提高了烤烟各生长阶段根系生长速率(P<0.05,下同),增加了根系和地上部干物质积累量,提高了烟叶对氮、磷、钾营养元素的吸收量,而各处理烟叶占地上部干物质积累的比例随着生育进程推进逐渐减小.回归分析结果显示,烤烟团棵至现蕾阶段根系干物质积累量与烟叶氮(R2=0.87)、磷(R2=0.94)、钾(R2=0.88)元素的吸收量均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),此阶段根系生长速率的显著提高是外源物质促进烤烟叶片养分吸收和利用的关键.T4和T5处理提高团棵至现蕾阶段根系生长速率50%以上,显著增加了烟株的干物质积累量,烟叶氮素吸收量分别增加46%和66%,磷素吸收量分别增加77%和118%,钾素吸收量分别增加58%和69%.[结论]基于烤烟根系促生效果的稳定性和应用安全性,解淀粉芽孢杆菌FZB42灌根可作为玉溪红壤烟区烤烟根系调控的主要手段.     

民勤绿洲弃耕地土壤活性有机碳和氮变化特征及影响因素

【目的】了解民勤绿洲弃耕地不同土层土壤活性有机碳、氮演变特征.【方法】以民勤绿洲区不同年限弃耕地为研究对象,以常规耕地为参照,通过野外调查取样和室内测试分析,测定土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、微生物量氮(MBN)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、颗粒有机氮(PON)、易氧化碳(ROC)含量.【结果】弃耕后土壤活性有机碳、氮含量呈现明显的分层现象,短期弃耕(3a)后0~20cm土层土壤MBC、MBN、POC、PON和ROC分配比例高于常规耕地(0a),并和其他弃耕地构成显著差异(P0.05).20~40cm土层,弃耕地土壤POC、PON和ROC分配比例和常规耕地差异不显著,但是MBC和MBN的分配比例和常规耕地差异显著(P0.05).深层土壤氧化稳定系数(Kos)明显高于表层土壤,而且长期弃耕地Kos值显著高于常规耕地和短期弃耕地(3a).【结论】弃耕有利于土壤活性有机碳、氮在0~20cm土层中的形成和累积,而且该土层中活性有机质的分配比例也明显高于常规耕地,弃耕能提高土壤有机质的氧化稳定性,深层土壤表现的尤为突出.     

江汉平原不同土地利用方式下农田土壤有机碳组成特点

以江汉平原四湖地区的果园、旱地、水田和水旱轮作等土壤为研究对象,通过分析其总有机碳与活性有机碳含量、腐殖质与轻重组组成特点,以期阐明不同土地利用方式对农田土壤有机碳组成的影响。结果表明:不同利用方式下表层土壤有机碳含量差异较大,其中以水田最高、果园最小,随着土壤剖面深度的增加,有机碳含量逐步降低;腐殖质占总有机碳比例较高,其中果园和旱地大于0.91,水旱轮作略低,而水田仅为0.78;不同利用方式下,各形态的腐殖质碳含量存在差异,活性较高的富里酸在水田和水旱轮作土壤中含量相对较高;稳定性有机碳占总有机碳的百分比大小顺序为:水旱轮作≈旱地>果园>水田,轻组组分在各利用方式下表现为:水田>旱地>果园>水旱轮作,而水旱轮作下重组碳容量占总有机碳的百分比最高。这表明水旱轮作既有利于土壤有机碳的积累,又利于土壤有机碳稳定性的增加。上述结果可为该区土壤管理措施的制订提供科学参考。     

连作条件下谷子叶片衰老与活性氧代谢研究

为研究不同连作年限下谷子功能叶片衰老和活性氧代谢特性,加深对谷子连作障碍的认识,以晋谷29号品种为材料,选取3个不同年限(2、3和4年)的连作方式,以轮作方式为对照,分析不同连作年限下,功能叶片叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量、保护酶活性(SOD、POD、CAT)、膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)和氧自由基积累量等生理指标的变化。对比轮作与连作处理,结果表明:谷子开花后,其功能叶片的叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量、CAT、SOD和POD活性均呈下降趋势,MDA和氧自由基积累量持续上升。其中:叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量随着连作年限的增加显著下降(P0.05);CAT活性随着连作年限的增加而下降;SOD和POD活性在开花前中期随连作年限的增加呈显著降低趋势;MDA和氧自由基积累量上升,且连作高于轮作。相关性分析显示,花后功能期叶片SOD活性与产量呈正相关,POD活性、叶绿素含量、CAT活性和可溶性蛋白与产量呈显著或极显著正相关,氧自由基、MDA含量与产量呈显著负相关。连作影响谷子功能叶片代谢,增加连作年限,叶片功能期缩短,植株衰老加剧,最终导致谷子产量降低。     

干旱胁迫下外源物质对番茄幼苗活性氧代谢及光合作用的影响

以番茄品种‘金棚一号’为试验材料,研究不同外源物质(10mmol/L CaCl2、5mmol/L GABA、0.5mmol/L Put、0.5mmol/L Spd)对干旱胁迫下番茄幼苗活性氧代谢及光合作用的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,干旱胁迫处理抑制了番茄幼苗的生长,使幼苗光合系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)能力降低,叶片可溶性蛋白质含量降低,游离氨基酸及可溶性糖含量升高,活性氧代谢的变化造成MDA积累;外源物质CaCl2、GABA、Put、Spd均可提高幼苗的株高、茎粗、干重和鲜重以及叶片中可溶性蛋白质、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖含量,通过提高抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性,降低了O2.-产生速率、H2O2和MDA含量,维持较高的叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、qP、ETR,从而在一定程度上缓解干旱胁迫对幼苗的伤害。平均隶属函数分析表明,不同外源物质缓解干旱胁迫的途径不同,外源添加Put处理缓解干旱胁迫的作用主要体现在促进植物生长方面,GABA处理则主要体现在减缓干旱胁迫对叶片光系统Ⅱ和活性氧代谢的伤害,Ca2+处理在增加渗透调节物质含量方面更为明显。