Growth and feed utilization of large size rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reared in freshwater: diet and species effects, and responses over time

Four diets differing in crude protein/crude lipid concentrations (CP/CL), 570/200, 510/220, 460/240, 430/260 (g kg^?1 dry diet) were fed to near‐satiety to rainbow trout (initial body weight, IBW = 268 g, domestic strain) and Atlantic salmon (IBW = 456 g, wild strain) for 308 days to determine the effect of diets, species and fish size on efficiency of feed, nitrogen (N) and energy utilization. Within species, weight gain, feed efficiency (FE), and energy retention efficiency (ERE, E gain/E intake) were not affected by diet (P < 0.05). N retention efficiency (NRE, N gain/N intake) increased linearly (P < 0.05) with decreasing CP/CL for both species. NRE and FE were higher for salmon compared with trout. Whole body CP of salmon was significantly (P < 0.05) higher, and lipid significantly (P < 0.05) lower, than those of trout. There was a significant (P < 0.05) linear decrease in FE as fish grew, regardless of diet and species. NRE linearly decreased (P < 0.0001) and lipid to protein deposition ratio (LD/PD) increased (P < 0.05) as trout grew. NRE linearly increased (P < 0.05) while ERE and LD/PD linearly decreased (P < 0.05) as salmon grew. Salmon appeared to rely to a greater extent on non‐protein energy‐yielding nutrients to support cost of growth than did trout.     

Prediction of digestible energy value of extruded dog food: comparison of methods

The proposal of National Research Council (NRC), based on the use of modified Atwater factors, is nowadays the widely used method to estimate digestible energy (DE) content of pet foods. Recently, alternative methods have been suggested for predicting energy content of commercial canine dry food. Factorial equations including food fibre content as estimator, in vitro digestions methods or near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) techniques have been considered as good approaches to predict the energy content of dog foods. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of some of those estimation methods. Seventeen samples of commercial extruded dog food were used to validate and compare some estimation methods of energy digestibility (Ed, %) and DE value [MJ/kg dry matter (DM)]. The apparent Ed and DE of each food were previously determined by in vivo trials. In vivo Ed and DE of foods ranged from 79.30% to 91.05% and from 16.25 to 21.82 MJ/kg DM, respectively, and their crude fibre (CF) content ranged from 0.72% to 3.28% (in DM base). The % Ed of each sample was estimated by the factorial equation (% Ed = 91.2 - 1.43 x CF %) and by the in vitro digestion method [% Ed(in vitro) = -2.45 + 0.98 organic matter (OM) disappearance(in vitro)%]. The set of samples also was analysed by NIRS, using a calibration equation developed from a set of 69 samples of commercial extruded dog food (0.76 and 0.89 cross-validation r(2) and 2.33 and 0.61 cross-validation SE for Ed and DE respectively). The in vitro method gave better estimations of Ed in vivo than NIRS and factorial methods, although all the methods assessed showed a very good and similar accuracy in the prediction of DE value. These three methods showed a slight better accuracy than that previously proposed by the NRC. To consider constant digestibility values of nutrient content of food can result in bias and error in the estimated energy values. The alternative prediction methods used in this study take into account differences of ingredient composition and availability of nutrients of different extruded dog foods thus could be better systems of valuating energy content in a wider range of different kind of foods than in use method.     

Milling Energy Polymorphism in Hordeum spontaneum Koch in Israel and its Potential Utilization in Breeding for Malting Quality

Variation for grain milling energy in Hordeum vulgare is associated with differences in grain size, shape and composition. Genetic polymorphisms within and between populations were found across the ecogeographical range of Hordeum spontaneum in Israel. Low milling energy estimates were positively correlated with and predictable by the aridity index. Milling energy in H. spontaneum, collected in Israel, ranged from the lowest values seen in making barley to twice the highest values seen in feed cultivars. It is concluded that H. spontaneum elite genotypes could be effectively identified by milling energy for use in the breeding of new cultivars.     

Optimization of Energy Dissipation Braces in Frame Structures

In this paper, the complex method of the nonlinear programming is used to optimize the parameters of energy dissipation bracing in energy dissipation braced frame. This method is realized with computer program and proved to be efficient. A 6-story reinforced concrete frame is used as a demonstrative example.     

Influence Analysis Energy and Environment with DSM

As a large burning coal country, resolving the SO2 letting problem is the most important thing in the environment protection work. Electric power industry reveals the supply's load rate declining and the discrepancy between apex and vale augments year after year. It makes the load adjustment become an imminency task in the electric power industry. The article popularizes the light power saving technology in the inhabitant living lighting power through reinforcing the DSM technology. It studies the influence on energy and environment after using the technology. It studies avoidable electricity quantity, avoidable electricity power, avoidable apex load, avoidable coal consuming and avoidable SO2 lettling. At last, it makes a concrete analysis with a city's example.     

Study on Application of Interrelated Controlling Method for Thermal Environment and Energy Saving in Buildings--Application in Determining the Control Indexes for Heat Insulation and Energy Saving of Enclosure in Bu ildings

In this paper according to the relationships between indoor-outdoor climate parameters, indoor thermal environment parameter and heat insulation parameters of enclosure, the control condition of indoor thermal environment and the control parameters of heat insulation-energy saving are advanced. Prescribing a quality limit for the parameters, the control indexes for the heat insulation energy saving of the enclosure are given.     

Measure and Analysis on the Temperature Field of Sodium Silicate Bonded Sand Heating by Microwave Energy

The temperature field of sodium silicate bonded sand heating by microwave energy is measured and analyzed by the related characteristic quentities. The result shows that sodium silicate bonded sand heating by microwave energy has characters such as temperature rising speedy and heating occurring from inside to outside at the same time. The reasons of those characters are discussed by testing and analyzing. The viewpoint that the temperature rising of sodium silicate bonded sand heating by microwave energy is revocable by sodium silicate absorbing microwave energy is proposed. The results of this study are useful on rightly understanding the essentials of the heating by microwave energy for sodium silicate sand and rightly constituting heating technology.     

Vigour evaluation for genetics and breeding in rose

Breeding of cut and pot rose cultivars for efficient production under low-energy conditions in greenhouses will be facilitated by understanding the inheritance of vigour. To get insight into the genetic variation of vigour-related traits, a diploid rose population was employed for an evaluation study in greenhouses in The Netherlands and Denmark. For all the traits investigated the population showed a continuous quantitative variation as well as a considerable transgression. For most of the traits, the genetic variation found among the tested entries was highly significant and tended to be large in comparison to the effects of genotype by environment interaction. The heritability based on means of the traits was high and ranged from 68 to 92%. Strong simple correlations (r = 0.65 to 0.95) were found among the traits shoot length, leaf area, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, total dry weight and growth rate. The total dry weight and leaf area are suggested to be good parameters for early selection of rose genotypes with vigorous growth under suboptimal growth conditions.     

甘肃不同地域甘草有效成分含量与土壤因子关系的研究

研究甘草质量与土壤因子的相关性,筛选影响其质量的主导因子。HPLC法测定甘肃不同产地甘草6种有效成分的含量,理化分析法进行土壤因子（有机质、pH、全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾、速效钾）的测定,应用相关分析及灰色关联度分析进行综合分析。结果表明甘草酸与速效磷的相关系数为0.519*;甘草次酸与铵态氮的相关系数为-0.411*。速效钾,铵态氮及PH对甘草黄酮类成分的合成代谢起了关键性作用。无论选择土壤,还是生产中施肥,应重视和合理使用N、K和土壤PH对甘草质量的影响。