Amino acids regulate energy utilization through mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 and adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase pathway in porcine enterocytes

As major fuels for the small intestinal mucosa, dietary amino acids (AA) are catabolized in the mitochondria and serve as sources of energy production. The present study was conducted to investigate AA metabolism that supply cell energy and the underlying signaling pathways in porcine enterocytes. Intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) were treated with different concentrations of AA, inhibitor, or agonist of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK), and mitochondrial respiration was monitored. The results showed that AA treatments resulted in enhanced mitochondrial respiration, increased intracellular content of pyruvic acid and lactic acid, and increased hormone-sensitive lipase mRNA expression. Meanwhile, decreased citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase alpha, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 mRNA expression were also observed. We found that AA treatments increased the protein levels of phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR), phosphorylated-p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase, and phosphorylated-4E-binding protein 1. What is more, the protein levels of phosphorylated AMPK α (p-AMPKα) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) were decreased by AA treatments in a time depending manner. Mitochondrial bioenergetics and the production of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates were decreased upon inhibition of mTORC1 or AMPK. Moreover, AMPK activation could up-regulate the mRNA expressions of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta (Ikbkβ), integrin-linked protein kinase (ILK), unconventional myosin-Ic (Myo1c), ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-2 (RPS6Kβ2), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-β, which are downstream effectors of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). The mRNA expressions of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform (PIK3CD) and 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-1 (PRKAG1), which are upstream regulators of mTOR, were also up-regulated by AMPK activation. On the other hand, AMPK activation also down-regulated FK506-binding protein 1A (FKBP1A), serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B beta isoform, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), and unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 (Ulk1), which are up-stream regulators of mTORC1. Taken together, these data indicated that AA regulated cellular energy metabolism through mTOR and AMPK pathway in porcine enterocytes. These results demonstrated interactions of AMPK and mTORC1 pathways in AA catabolism and energy metabolism in intestinal mucosa cells of piglets, and also provided reference for using AA to remedy human intestinal diseases.     

高铁氧化-活性污泥耦合工艺处理甲草胺废水

研究了高铁氧化-活性污泥串联耦合工艺去除水中甲草胺的效能。高铁首先氧化降解废水中的甲草胺分子,然后进一步氧化其降解中间物。优化工艺条件下(高铁/甲草胺摩尔比2∶1,pH 7.0),高铁可在10 m in内完全去除40 mg/L甲草胺,但无法实现对甲草胺的完全矿质化,氧化后水体中仍有大量CODC r残留。延长高铁氧化时间可提高甲草胺废水的可生化性,并降低废水对活性污泥处理能力的抑制。优化工艺条件下高铁处理含40 mg/L甲草胺废水20 m in可去除44.3%的CODC r;其可生化性指标(BOD5/CODC r)提高到0.87以上。该高铁氧化废水与市政污水按一定体积比混合后,可进一步采用活性污泥工艺最终对其实现完全矿质化过程。     

土壤干旱对烤烟生长的影响及机理研究

在盆栽条件下研究了土壤干旱对烤烟ＮＣ８９生长发育的影响及其机理。结果表明，在干旱条件下烟株的生长发育受阻，株高降低，叶片变小，根系发育不良，特别是旺长期干旱对烟株生长的影响更大，且对茎叶生长的影响大于根系，但伸根期轻度土壤干旱可以促进烟株根系的生长。干旱影响烟株生长的机理在于使烟株体内超氧物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性下降，清除活性氧自由基的能力减弱，导致植株体内活性氧积累，启动细胞膜脂过氧化作用，造成膜伤害，从而影响烟株的生长发育全过程。     

连续性循环式活性污泥法在土霉素类制药废水处理中的应用

采用微电解法对土霉素类废水进行预处理 ,再经连续性循环式活性污泥处理土霉素类高浓度有机废水 ,进水的CODcr浓度在 5 30 0mg·L-1以下时 ,经过系统的处理处理后 ,CODcr降解率达 97.6 %.出水的各种指标达到了国家规定的排放标准 .     

不同活化剂对铜冶炼厂污染土壤中铜的活化

采用等浓度的不同有机酸、有机盐、人工螯合剂和不同pH水溶液活化污染土中铜,研究比较了各有机活化剂与不同pH水溶液的活化能力与活化特性。结果表明,四种有机酸活化量排序在不同污染程度土中稍有不同,在2号土(污染较重)中为柠檬酸>草酸>酒石酸>DL-苹果酸;在1号土(污染较轻)中为草酸>柠檬酸>酒石酸>DL-苹果酸。而有机盐的活化量在不同污染程度土中排序一致,即EDTA>柠檬酸三钠>草酸钠>酒石酸钾钠。另外,所有有机酸的活化能力都比其相应的盐大。不过同是活化量大的草酸、柠檬酸和EDTA,它们的活化特性不一样,EDTA属于速效型强活化剂,草酸属于缓效型强活化剂,而柠檬酸在2号土中表现为速效型,在1号土中表现为缓效型。pH1、pH2、pH13、pH14的水溶液活化量较大,pH2的水溶液在2号土中活化效果良好,而在1号土中与其它pH值溶液一样,由于土壤的缓冲作用,滤液的pH均趋于中性,铜的活化效果不明显。     

活化粉煤灰对垃圾渗滤液的COD吸附作用研究

随着经济的发展和居民生活水平的提高,城市中产生的垃圾越来越多,严重污染城市环境.为此,主要研究了活化粉煤灰对垃圾渗滤液COD的吸附.试验结果表明,活化粉煤灰用量对COD的去除率的影响最大,其次是反应时间、反应温度、垃圾渗滤液的pH值和垃圾渗滤液浓度.在最佳条件下,活化粉煤灰对垃圾渗滤液COD去除率达95.8%.     

活性污泥法对城市污水中重金属的

针对城市污水农灌中存在的重金属污染问题，采用活性污泥法试验研究汞、铅及镉的去除率。试验表明，重金属去除率与污水的初始浓度成正比。在试验条件下，当汞和铅的原水浓度达到污水排入城市下水道水质标准时，去除率在70%以上，出水满足农业灌溉水质标准。镉虽有一定的去除效果，但是出水很难满足农灌标准。     

Pseudomonas putida GM6在活性污泥中的生物强化除磷

The enhanced biological phosphorus removal （EBPR） method is widely adopted for phosphorus removal from wastewater, yet little is known about its microbiological and molecular mechanisms. Therefore, it is difficult to predict and control the deterioration of the EBPR process in a large-scale municipal sewage treatment plant. This study used a novel strain isolated in the laboratory, Pseudomonas putida GM6, which had a high phosphate accumulating ability and could recover rapidly from the deteriorated system and enhance the capability of phosphorus removal in activated sludge. Strain GM6 marked with gfp gene, which was called GMTR, was delivered into a bench-scale sequencing batch reactor （SBR） of low efficiency, to investigate the colonization of GMTR and removal of phosphorus. After 21 days, the proportion of GMTR in the total bacteria of the sludge reached 9.2%, whereas the phosphorus removal rate was 96%, with an effluent concentration of about 0.2 mg L^-1. In the reactor with the addition of GMTR, phosphorus was removed quickly, in 1 h under anaerobic conditions, and in 2 h under aerobic conditions. These evidences were characteristic of EBPR processes. Field testing was conducted at a hospital sewage treatment facility with low phosphorus removal capability. Twentyone days after Pseudomonas putida GM6 was added, effluent phosphorus concentration remained around 0.3 mg L^-1, corresponding to a removal rate of 96.8%. It was therefore demonstrated that Pseudomonas putida GM6 could be used for a quick startup and enhancement of wastewater biological phosphorus removal, which provided a scientific basis for potential large-scale engineering application.     

运用双液相系统进行三氯苯的生物降解

Due to easy volatilization of volatile organic compounds from water,it is difficult to monitor their aerobic biodegradation in the traditional single water system.Whether a two-liquid-phase system(TLPS) could overcome this obstacle and enhance the degradation of volatile contaminants? In this study,a TLPS composed of silicone oil and water was employed to investigate the biodegradation of volatile compounds,trichlorobenzenes(TCBs),by the adapted microorganisms in an activated soil.The degradation and volatilization of TCBs in TLPS and in a single water system were compared.The results showed that due to volatilization losses of TCBs,the mass balance of TCBs in a single water system was very low.In contrast,using TLPS could effectively inhibit the volatilization losses of TCBs and achieved a very good mass balance during the biodegradation process.Meanwhile,the TLPS could increase microbial activity and microbial growth during the degradation process.With TLPS,the TCB degradation was in descending order of 1,2,4-TCB> 1,2,3-TCB>> 1,3,5-TCB,which was related to the exposed concentration of the contaminants in soil.This study showed that TLPS could be employed as an effective tool to evaluate the biodegradation of volatile hydrophobic organic compounds,which could not be achieved with the traditional single water system.     

混凝-活性炭吸附工艺去除水中甲氰菊酯农药

通过对含甲氰菊酯农药的模拟水样进行混凝活性炭吸附处理,分别考察了混凝剂种类、投加量、pH等因素对混凝效果的影响以及木质粉末活性炭投加量、吸附时间、pH等因素对吸附效果的影响。结果表明,对水样作常规混凝处理时,氯化铁的处理效果优于其他混凝剂,当氯化铁的投加量为20 mg/L,pH为8时,甲氰菊酯去除率可达59.4 %。对水样做活性炭吸附处理时,适宜pH范围为6~9,木质粉末活性炭最佳投加量为40 mg/L,最佳吸附时间为70 min,在最优吸附条件下,甲氰菊酯去除率可达81.6 %。在最优混凝吸附条件下,氯化铁混凝协同木质粉末活性炭吸附去除甲氰菊酯的去除率均大于90%,对水中甲氰菊酯去除效果较好。