Effect of Two Pretreatment Techniques on Preventing Membrane Fouling

Ultrafiltration membrane was used to filter the Yangtze River water by powder activated carbon (PAC) pretreated, such as Tai Lake water by coagulation-sedimentation pretreatment. The changes of organic polar content were compared in each process. Combined with the scanning electron microscope(SEM) photographs of the membrane, the mechanism of slowing down membrane fouling by PAC and coagulation-sedimentation pretreatment was studied. The results showed that hydrophobic organic compounds were the main factors of membrane fouling, while hydrophilic organics had less impact. When the dosing quantity of PAC filtered by ultrafiltration membrane was 20 mg/L to pre-treat the water samples of Yangtze River, and that of polyaluminium chloride was 25 mg/L for the pretreatment of Tai Lake water samples, the flux could be recovered effectively after backwashing compared with filtering the two raw water directly. The cake layer formed on the surface of the membrane was looser after pretreatment, and could be discharged easily by periodic backwashing, The cake layer could prevent hydrophobic organic matters deposit on the surface of membrane directly, which will slow down the membrane fouling and improve the chemical safety of the membrane effluent.     

机械力化学法制备氯化锌法活性炭及其性能表征

研究利用机械力化学技术制备了性能良好的活性炭。采用Central Composite Design中心复合设计和响应面分析,对影响活性炭碘吸附值的主要影响因素进行多项回归模型建立和参数优化,并通过低温液氮(N2/77 K)吸附测定较优条件下制备的活性炭的比表面积、孔容及孔径分布。结果表明,利用氯化锌为活化剂的机械力化学技术制备活性炭的较优工艺条件为:氯化锌与绝干木屑的质量之比(锌屑比)值3.00,研磨时间10 min,活化温度584℃,活化时间2.5 h,此条件下制备的活性炭碘吸附值为1 262.47 mg/g。     

硼酸催化制备木屑活性炭工艺及孔结构特征

以木屑为原料,磷酸为活化剂,硼酸为催化剂制备活性炭。通过正交实验考察了活性炭制备过程中磷屑比、硼酸添加量,活化温度和活化时间等因素对活性炭性能的影响。实验结果表明:生产活性炭的最佳工艺条件为磷屑比为1.5∶1,硼酸的添加量为1%,活化温度是400℃,活化时间为60 min,此时活性炭的得率为33.5%,亚甲基蓝吸附值为225 mg/g,碘吸附值为855 mg/g。添加硼酸的制备方法要比传统的用磷酸制备时的条件更加温和,通过调整工艺条件,可以改变活性炭产品的孔隙结构,生产出用于不同环境的液相吸附专用活性炭。     

雷公藤甲素提取方法优化

本文采用L16(45)正交试验方法,研究超声提取法中料液比、甲醇浓度、超声时间和中性氧化铝用量对雷公藤甲素提取率的影响,从而优化雷公藤甲素提取方案.结果表明,料液比、甲醇浓度、超声时间、中性氧化铝用量对雷公藤甲素的提取率均有影响,中性氧化铝用量对雷公藤甲素的提取率有极显著的影响,甲醇浓度次之,超声时间对雷公藤甲素的提取率影响最小;当甲醇的浓度为80%,液料比为1∶35,超声时间为25 min,中性氧化铝的用量为5 g时,雷公藤甲素提取率最高.     

AHP and fuzzy mathematical method to assess the potential of cleaner production of electroplating enterprises

In order to investigate the effect of quickly decrease temperature on activated sludge system, with the operation of sequence batch reactor (SBR) and mean DO value at 1.5 mg/L, the sludge volume index (SVI) and pollutants removal effect with quickly decreased and return normal temperature were analyzed. The results show that the SVI increases to activate sludge bulking, and activated sludge sedimentation property worsens when the system temperature quickly decreases from 25℃ to 14℃. The SVI slightly decreases, but it cannot return to normal range when system temperature returns to 25℃. The phosphorus and COD removal effects are slightly affected by quickly decreased temperature, whlle the activated sludge nitrification is severely affected by quickly decreased temperature. with the ammonia removal efficiency decreased to 20%. The activated sludge nitrification can return to normal level when system temperature returns to normal temperature.     

Root-mediated Allelopathic Interference of Nettle-leaved Goosefoot (Chenopodium murale) on Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

A study was conducted to determine the potential and nature of root‐mediated allelopathic interference of Chenopodium murale on wheat. Early growth of wheat reduced significantly in agar medium where C. murale seedlings were previously growing as well as in rhizosphere soil of C. murale. The reduction in wheat growth was due to the presence of inhibitory metabolites released by roots of C. murale in the growth media. Even the soil incorporation of root residues also reduced the wheat growth in terms of seedling length and seedling dry weight. Only a partial amelioration in growth inhibition occurred upon charcoal supplementation or nitrogen fertilization in these amended soils. Root residues did not reduce the available nutrients in the soil, which was rather nutrient rich. These results indicated the definite role of allelopathy of C. murale roots in retarding wheat growth. Root amended soils contained significantly higher amount of phytotoxic phenolics as the putative allelochemicals, which were ferulic acid, vanillic acid, p‐coumaric acid and benzoic acid. The study concluded that C. murale roots and their exudates exerted allelopathic effects on wheat by releasing water‐soluble phenolic acids as putative allelochemicals in soil.     

以废铁和煤基活性焦为基质的微电解处理棉黑液研究

以废旧铁刨花和煤基活性焦为基质,利用微电解法对棉浆黑液进行了预处理,对处理条件进行了优化研究,并对处理前后的介质进行了电镜观察。结果显示：铁屑和活性焦为基质的微电解法对棉黑液有很好的处理效果;扫描电镜观察表明：处理前后废旧铁刨花表面形态发生了明显变化。     

以涂敷硝酸银的碱性氧化铝为分散剂的基质固相分散法测定大蒜中二甲戊灵残留

建立了以涂敷AgNO3的碱性氧化铝为分散剂的基质固相分散(MSPD)法提取、气相色谱/电子捕获检测器检测的大蒜中痕量二甲戊灵的分析方法。通过研究洗脱剂的极性和用量、固相分散剂的含水量和AgNO3涂敷量对回收率及净化效果的影响,优化了MSPD条件。对建立的分析方法进行了评价,结果表明:MSPD提取液的基质效应可以忽略;在0.01、0.10、1.00 mg/kg 3种添加水平下,方法的回收率为84% ~93%,相对标准偏差为2.7% ~6.2%,方法的检出限(S/N=3)和定量限(S/N=10)分别为2.0和6.7 μg/kg。     

菇渣有机肥配施脱硫石膏对黄河三角洲盐碱土

[目的] 为探讨菇渣有机肥与脱硫石膏对盐碱土有机碳组分及碳库管理指数的影响。[方法] 以黄河三角洲新垦殖小麦—玉米轮作地为研究对象,采用随机区组试验方法,设置不施肥(CK)、农民常用施肥(CN)、菇渣有机肥(MCOF)、菇渣有机肥+脱硫石膏(MCOG)4个处理,通过3年田间施肥处理。[结果] 菇渣有机肥与脱硫石膏配施显著降低0—20 cm土壤盐碱度,提高土壤氮磷钾养分含量和阳离子交换量(p＜0.05);各处理0—20 cm土层总有机碳(TOC)、易氧化有机碳(EOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)含量高于20—40 cm土层,而水溶性有机碳(WSOC)含量则相反;与CN处理相比,MCOG处理0—20 cm土层TOC、EOC、WSOC、MBC分别显著提高15.48%,23.50%,18.98%,51.40%,EOC和MBC有效率分别提高13.94%,30.49%,且MCOG处理较CN和CK处理的土壤碳库管理指数(CPMI)显著提高15.38%和20.00%;MBC的敏感性指数均高于其他有机碳组分,MCOG处理MBC值最高。相关性分析表明,土壤TOC含量取决于其活性组分,而影响盐碱土有机碳活性组分含量及其有效率、碳库管理指数的主要因素为pH、CEC和EC。[结论] 菇渣有机肥与脱硫石膏配施能显著降低土壤盐碱含量,提高土壤肥力并增强固碳效率,研究结果为拓展盐碱地土壤有机改良方法提供理论依据和数据支撑。     

以稻秸(壳)为原料的多孔载体在污水处理中的应用

通过实验证明,以稻秸为原料的活性炭结合稀土废渣材料对污水进行处理,可以有较高的COD去除率(进水COD 200 mg.L-1去除率可达70%)和细菌杀灭率(进水大肠菌落2.5×104个.L-1去除率可达90%),对污水的初级处理及农村生活污水的处理有积极的推动作用。