Potential Chemopreventive Activity of a New Macrolide Antibiotic from a Marine-Derived Micromonospora sp

Agents capable of inducing phase II enzymes such as quinone reductase 1 (QR1) are known to have the potential of mediating cancer chemopreventive activity. As part of a program to discover novel phase II enzyme-inducing molecules, we identified a marine-derived actinomycete strain (CNJ-878) that exhibited activity with cultured Hepa 1c1c7 cells. Based on this activity, a new macrolide, juvenimicin C (1), as well as 5-O-α-l-rhamnosyltylactone (2), were isolated from the culture broth of a Micromonospora sp. Compound 1 enhanced QR1 enzyme activity and glutathione levels by two-fold with CD values of 10.1 and 27.7 μM, respectively. In addition, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase activities were elevated. This is the first reported member of the macrolide class of antibiotics found to mediate these responses.     

纤维素降解菌的筛选与高效混合菌群的构建

【目的】从土壤中筛选纤维素降解菌,对其进行组合培养获得可高效降解纤维素的混合菌群,为微生物混合培养降解纤维素提供理论基础。【方法】采用刚果红纤维素琼脂平板培养基从土样中初步筛选纤维素降解菌,再以内切酶（CMC）、纤维素全酶（FPA）、外切酶（C₁）和β-葡萄糖苷酶（β-Gase）4种酶活性为指标进行复筛,对复筛获得的高效菌株进行组合培养,筛选高效组合菌群。对复筛后的菌株通过菌落和菌体形态进行初步鉴定。【结果】筛选获得了y3、yi-71、ye-9、er-72和se-93等5株活性较高的纤维素降解菌,对其进行组合培养,得到1个较好组合ye-9/er-72/se-93,其CMC、FPA、C-1和β-Gase 4种酶活性分别为3.18,1.67,1.08和1.12 U/mL,均比单菌株有一定程度提高。初步鉴定ye-9、er-72、se-93均为放线菌。【结论】组合菌群对纤维素的降解效果优于单一菌株。     

生防菌苗床接种对辣椒根域微生态及产量的影响

【目的】研究苗床拌土接种生防菌制剂对辣椒根域微生态及产量的影响。【方法】以真菌F、放线菌Act 2和Act 8为供试生防菌,采用苗床拌土法接种辣椒,平皿涂抹法测定各处理辣椒根区、根表土壤和根内微生物数量,小区试验研究接种生防菌对辣椒产量的影响。【结果】苗床拌土接种2株生防放线菌和1株生防真菌制剂:(1)可明显增加辣椒根域土壤中细菌和放线菌数量,减少真菌数量,改变根域土壤中微生物组成,促使辣椒根域土壤微生物类型由真菌型向细菌型转变。其中接种生防真菌F后,小区辣椒根区土壤细菌、放线菌数量较对照分别增加了166.7%和46.2%,细菌、放线菌与真菌的数量比B/F、A/F分别较对照增加了207.7%和72.2%。(2)显著增加辣椒根表土壤芽孢杆菌数量,减少根区土壤芽孢杆菌数量,根表芽孢杆菌数量增幅和根区土壤芽孢杆菌数量降幅分别为7.5%~246.8%和11.9%~74.5%。(3)显著增加了辣椒根内细菌和放线菌数量,其中芽孢杆菌数量增加明显;接种生防放线菌Act 2后,细菌、芽孢杆菌和放线菌数分别增加314.8%,409.1%和77.3%。(4)显著提高了小区辣椒产量,其中接种生防放线菌Act 8后,鲜椒总产量较对照增加了48.8%。苗床接种生防菌后,在辣椒收获期,小区辣椒根区、根表土壤中仍有大量生防放线菌检出(105~106g-1),表明接入的生防菌可在辣椒根区土壤中长时间定殖、存活,持续发挥生防作用。【结论】苗床拌土接种生防菌可显著改变辣椒根域微生物组成和数量,具有明显的促生、增产作用;苗床拌土接种育苗是一种可用于土传病害生物防治的、值得深入研究的接种方法。     

影响放线菌H菌株抗菌活性发酵条件的研究

采用单因素试验及正交试验,对放线菌H菌株的发酵条件进行了初步研究,确定了其最佳发酵培养基的组成及基本培养条件。以玉米粉、蛋白胨、K2HPO4,MgSO4,NaCl,CaCO3为基本培养基,3.6%玉米粉为碳源,0.5%蛋白胨为氮源,起始pH值为7.5,最佳装瓶量为50mL/500mL,在28℃,转速为200r/min下,摇床培养120h,所获得的发酵滤液的抑菌作用最强,滤纸片法测定其对金黄色葡萄球菌抗菌活性,抑菌圈直径达24.6mm。     

波卓链霉菌合成纳米硒的物理化学表征及其抑菌促生活性

【目的】研究放线菌菌株合成纳米硒（Selenium nanoparticles,SeNPs）的物理化学特性和抑菌促生活性,为菌株在富硒花魔芋生产中的应用提供参考。【方法】利用扫描电镜（SEM）和X射线能谱分析仪（EDS）,对从健康花魔芋根际土壤中筛选的放线菌菌株A1的细胞形态及其合成的纳米硒进行观察和元素组成分析;利用X射线衍射仪（XRD）对亚硒酸钠Na₂SeO₃和菌株A1合成的纳米硒进行晶型结构表征;利用傅里叶红外变换光谱仪（FTIR）对菌株A1合成的纳米硒表面官能团结构进行表征分析。以小麦和玉米种子为材料,将菌株A1的富硒发酵滤液和非富硒发酵滤液分别稀释0,5,50倍,用皿内发芽试验测定纳米硒对种子的促生作用;以花魔芋软腐病原菌菊果胶杆菌（Pectobacterium chrysanthemi）CZS-B6为靶标菌,用滤纸片扩散法和牛津杯法分别测定菌株A1的富硒发酵滤液和非富硒发酵滤液原液的抑菌效果;通过菌落形态、生理生化特性和分子鉴定确定菌株A1的分类地位。【结果】菌株A1介导200 mg/L Na₂SeO₃合成的红色单质硒为球形纳米颗粒,非晶态,颗粒表面存在Se、C、O、N等有机元素和C-O、N-H、C-H等官能团。经菌株A1富硒发酵滤液原液处理后,小麦和玉米幼苗的主根长及总鲜质量均显著高于无菌水对照（P<0.05）;富硒发酵滤液原液对花魔芋软腐病原菌菊果胶杆菌有较强的拮抗作用,其拮抗圈直径分别为14.6 mm（滤纸片扩散法）和13.1 mm（牛津杯法）。菌株A1的培养特征、生理生化特性及16S rDNA序列分析结果表明,其为波卓链霉菌（Streptomyces bottropensis）。【结论】波卓链霉菌菌株A1介导合成的生物纳米硒具有抑菌和促生活性,在绿色富硒花魔芋种植及软腐病防治等领域具有潜在的应用价值。     

生防放线菌HNA30的固体发酵条件

为生防放线菌HNA30的生产应用提供依据,通过单因素试验和正交试验对其固体发酵条件进行优化。结果表明:固体发酵的最佳基质为麦麸,最佳碳源为淀粉,最佳氮源为酵母提取物;菌株HNA30固体发酵的最佳条件为淀粉50mg/g、酵母提取物30mg/g、初始含水量400mg/g、接种量0.35mL/g、培养时间168h;该条件下,HNA30的固体发酵产孢量达1.07×10~(10) cfu/g。     

香蕉枯萎病菌和芦笋茎枯病菌的拮抗放线菌筛选与鉴定

从江西井冈山地区采集的土壤样品中分离获得76株放线菌,通过对峙培养法筛选出菌株S15对香蕉枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum、芦笋茎枯病菌Phomopsis asparagi有强抑制作用,该菌培养滤液对稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe oryzae、番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea、大豆炭疽病菌Colletotrichum truncatum、水稻纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia solani、柑橘炭疽病菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides、香蕉黑星病菌Cladosporium cucumerinum、番茄早疫病菌Alternaria solani、黄瓜炭疽病菌Colletotrichum orbiculare、玉米大斑病菌Setosphaeria turcica等多种重要的植物病原真菌也均有较强的抑制作用,拮抗谱较宽。根据其形态特征、培养特性、生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列同源性分析,S15被鉴定为链霉菌属波卓链霉菌Streptomyces bottropensis。     

凤丹与洛阳红根际微生物及其与根皮中丹皮酚含量的关系

用涂布平板法测定牡丹品种凤丹与洛阳红根际微生物种类及数量,用高效液相色谱仪测定其根皮中丹皮酚的含量,研究牡丹根际微生物及其与根皮中丹皮酚含量的关系。结果表明,凤丹根皮中丹皮酚含量(24.688 g/kg)高于洛阳红(13.024 g/kg);凤丹品种根际微生物数量明显低于洛阳红;丹皮酚含量与根际真菌、细菌数量呈负相关。凤丹和洛阳红根际真菌、细菌与放线菌总量均大于非根际;凤丹根际真菌、细菌数量均小于洛阳红,而放线菌数量大于洛阳红。     

生防放线菌28G14的生物活性初探

【目的】研究生防放线菌28G14发酵液、萃取物的抗菌活性和化感活性,为新型微生物源农药的研究和开发提供参考。【方法】采用菌丝生长速率法,测定放线菌28G14发酵液对7种植物病原真菌(西瓜枯萎病菌(Fu-sariumoxysporium)、小麦赤霉病菌(Fusarium graminearum)、玉米弯孢病菌(Curvulavia lunata)、苹果炭疽病菌(Colletotrichumgloeosporiodes)、马铃薯干腐病菌(Fusariumsolani)、番茄早疫病菌(Alternariasolani)、辣椒疫霉病菌(PhytophthoracapsiciP3))的抗菌活性;同时采用生测检验法测定28G14发酵液和萃取物对6种供试植物(莴苣(Lactucasativa)、苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、油菜(Brassica campestris)、小麦(Triticumaestivum)、苋菜(Amaranthusmangostanus)、三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa))种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。【结果】①28G14发酵液具有较广的抑菌谱,其对辣椒疫霉病菌的相对抑制率最高,达80.23%。②28G14发酵液和萃取物对供试植物种子相对萌发率的影响不明显;对供试植物根的生长均表现为抑制作用,且都与发酵液和萃取物的质量浓度呈正相关;对茎的生长均无显著的抑制或促进作用。总体而言,28G14发酵液和萃取物对根生长的抑制作用较茎明显,且萃取物的抑制作用强于发酵液。【结论】生防放线菌28G14可能产生了抗真菌及对植物根生长有较强抑制作用的化合物。     

Multiplication of isolate R-5 of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Streptomyces galbus</Emphasis> on rhododendron leaves and its production of cell wall-degrading enzymes

 An endophytic actinomycete, isolate R-5 of Streptomyces galbus Frommer, that has promising potential as a biocontrol agent was originally isolated from field-grown rhododendron. In this study, the mode of entry of R-5 into leaves of tissue-cultured seedlings of rhododendron was investigated in connection with its production of cell wall-degrading enzymes. Light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that R-5 grew on leaf surfaces and entered leaf tissues via stomata and that the internal mycelia grew out of stomata after colonization in host tissues. Micromanipulation at the SEM level demonstrated a prominent depression in the host surface at the interfaces with the mycelia, suggesting that such a depression could be caused by degradation of cell wall components by hydrolytic enzymes secreted from R-5 mycelia. In subsequent plate assays, R-5 produced cellulase, pectinase, xylanase, and nonspecific esterase when cultured in liquid medium. Moreover, R-5 multiplied in mineral medium containing cellulose, pectin, or xylan as a single carbon source. Thus, R-5 mycelia could degrade host cell walls at contact sites and probably utilize the degradation products as carbon sources. Received: May 16, 2002 / Accepted: July 9, 2002