Variation and inheritance of response to acetochlor among maize inbred lines and hybrids

Summary The variation of response to acetochlor was studied in a two-year experiment carried out by subjecting 18 maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines to three herbicide rates (0, 2.5 and 5 l a.i./ha). In both years some inbred lines consistently exhibited an evident susceptibility, with symptoms consisting of the seedling curling up below the soil surface and causing impaired field emergence. The results were poor plant density and lower grain yield in comparison to control. In contrast, other lines showed a satisfactory level of tolerance.Then, to gather data on the inheritance of response to acetochlor, four tolerant inbreds (T) and four susceptible inbreds (S) were crossed to obtain four T×T, four S×S, four S×T and the corresponding four T×S two-way hybrids. These hybrids were studied together with parental lines by applying the same herbicide rates used in the previous trial. The S×S hybrids showed susceptibility to the herbicide and the T×T were tolerant, whereas the S×T and the T× S hybrids showed a tolerance very close to that of the T×T hybrids. No difference was found between S×T and the corresponding T×S hybrids as to herbicide response. On average, the 16 hybrids exhibited greater tolerance than the eight parental lines, with each hybrid group being more tolerant than its parental line group. These results indicate that tolerance to acetochlor is prevailingly dominant, that action of extranuclear genes should be ruled out, and that the level of plant vigour can affect herbicide reactiveness.     

Persistence and leaching of the herbicides acetochlor and terbuthylazine in an allophanic soil: comparisons of field results with PRZM‐3 predictions

Rates of degradation and adsorption of acetochlor [2‐chloro‐N‐ethoxymethyl‐6′‐ethylaceto‐o‐ toluidide] and terbuthylazine [N ²‐tert‐butyl‐6‐chloro‐N⁴‐ethyl‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐diamine] in a Horotiu sandy loam soil (Typic Orthic Allophanic) were determined under controlled temperature and soil moisture regimes. These were then combined with site‐specific soil properties and climatic conditions in the Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM‐3) to predict dissipation and leaching of the herbicides in the field. PRZM‐3 significantly under‐estimated dissipation of both herbicides in the field using parameters derived from the laboratory incubation studies. When these parameters were derived from the field trials, PRZM‐3 adequately predicted dissipation of both herbicides using a two‐rate dissipation sub‐model but under‐predicted the dissipation when a simpler single‐rate sub‐model was used. Earlier‐than‐expected appearance of both herbicides in sub‐soil layers were postulated to result from the non‐equilibrium adsorption/transport of the herbicides and preferential flow, which cannot be simulated by PRZM‐3. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

除草剂乙草胺胁迫下油菜品种的耐药生理研究

研究甘蓝型油菜在乙草胺胁迫下的耐药生理对非转基因耐乙草胺的油菜新种质选育有重要意义?本研究以纸床法测定乙草胺耐药品种‘Norin 41’和敏感品种‘Dong Hae 1’生长7 d的幼苗进行生物性状?还原型谷胱甘肽代谢?抗氧化分析以及品种表型性状之间的相关性分析和主成分分析?结果表明, 耐药品种生长?根抗倒伏性?乙草胺解毒能力和抗氧化能力均强于敏感品种, 耐药品种的氧化损伤低于敏感品种?直立苗率?根-茎比?鲜重?超氧化物歧化酶活性?谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性和丙二醛含量是反映品种耐药性的主要因素?这些研究结果为耐乙草胺种质选育提供了有益参考?     

益微微生物菌剂对乙草胺油菜药害的缓解效果及作用机制初步研究

为了探索益微微生物菌剂拌种缓解乙草胺油菜药害的效果及其作用机制,采用盆栽法测定了益微拌种对乙草胺油菜药害的缓解效果,采用分光光度法分别测定益微拌种对油菜叶片中还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量和谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)活性的影响,并采用GCMS法检测油菜植株中乙草胺的残留量。结果表明:乙草胺的施用量为840~1 680 g/hm~2时,对油菜生长均有一定的抑制作用;用益微拌种处理后,均能显著缓解乙草胺对油菜的药害,当乙草胺用量为1 680 g/hm~2、拌种量为25 g益微拌1 kg油菜种子时,油菜的株高、鲜质量恢复率分别为79.31%和178.57%。与单用乙草胺处理相比,先用益微拌种后喷施乙草胺,油菜植株中GSH含量增加,GST活性提高,同时乙草胺残留量极显著降低。说明益微微生物菌剂能提高植株中相关抗逆酶的活性,促进乙草胺的降解,从而显著缓解乙草胺对油菜的药害。     

30%甲基磺草酮·乙草胺悬浮剂防治玉米田杂草试验

利用30%甲基磺草酮.乙草胺悬浮剂在玉米田进行除草试验,从除草效果、安全性和经济成本等综合分析得知,30%甲基磺草酮.乙草胺悬浮剂450 g a.i./hm2处理对阔叶杂草的目测防效和鲜质量防效均在93%以上,对稗草、狗尾草的防效在87%以上,总体防效大于90%,对玉米安全,可根据当地实际情况用于生产。     

快速溶剂萃取高效液相色谱法测定土壤中 乙草胺和烯草酮残留

建立一种从土壤中快速溶剂萃取乙草胺和烯草酮结合高效液相色谱法测定其残留量的方法。用甲醇-水(体积比为40:60)作为提取剂快速萃取土壤中的乙草胺和烯草酮,采用高效液相色谱法进行乙草胺和烯草酮残留量测定。使用Dionex C18色谱柱,甲醇-水(体积比为70:30)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL·min~(-1),使用紫外检测器,检测波长为215 nm。结果显示,乙草胺和烯草酮保留时间分别为5.82和3.75 min,线性相关系数为0.9980及0.9969。在5个质量分数添加水平范围内,回收率分别在91.00%~98.16%和90.20%~95.62%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别在1.98%~7.05%和2.73%~6.14%之间,方法检出限分别为0.020和0.013μg·L~(-1),定量限(LOQ)分别是0.050和0.040μg·kg~(-1)。该方法操作步骤简单快速、准确度好,能够适用于土壤中乙草胺和烯草酮残留的快速检测。     

气相色谱-氮磷检测法同时测定玉米中莠去津、乙草胺和丁草胺的残留量

建立气相色谱-氮磷检测法测定玉米中除草剂莠去津、乙草胺和丁草胺残留量的分析方法。玉米籽粒用乙腈提取,过中性氧化铝柱净化处理,用GC-FTD检测。在0.01、0.05和0.5 mg/kg 3个添加水平下,莠去津、乙草胺和丁草胺的平均添加回收率分别为84%~105%、81%~100%、87%~103%,相对标准偏差分别为1.0%~3.5%、1.1%~5.2%、3.7%~4.4%,莠去津、乙草胺和丁草胺在0.01~2.0 mg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,最低检测浓度分别为0.005、0.01、0.01 mg/kg。该方法简单、灵敏、可靠,可应用于玉米中莠去津、乙草胺和丁草胺残留量的测定。     

乙草胺对小麦出苗及幼苗生长的安全性评价

进行了乙草胺90%乳油30,60,90mL/667m2三个剂量对小麦出苗与幼苗生长的影响试验,结果表明:小麦播后苗前施用乙草胺在土壤潮湿或遇较强的降水时,施用量60mL/667m2对小麦的出苗及幼苗生长造成明显的药害。播种后10d的出苗率较空白对照降低了5%～25%。出苗后3周,受药害幼苗的生长量(高度)较空白对照降低11.62～13.08cm。     

除草剂解毒剂对玉米幼芽抗御乙草胺药害能力的影响研究

以垦玉6号玉米为指示材料,以乙草胺为试验除草剂,采用水培法研究了用除草剂解毒剂进行浸种处理后使玉米免受乙草胺药害的情况。结果表明:用不同浓度的解毒剂浸种处理后,能够在不同程度上减轻乙草胺对玉米幼苗的药害;当解毒剂浸种浓度为8mg·kg-1时保护效果达到最好,在乙草胺浓度为20mg·kg-1时,对玉米根长的保护率达20.4%,根鲜重的保护率达23.9%,对芽长的保护率达40.2%,芽鲜重的保护率达36.6%。     

两种安全剂对小麦上乙草胺的解毒作用

以小麦的芽长和根长为测试指标,测定安全剂二氯丙烯胺和苯叉酰胺对乙草胺的解毒作用.结果表明,二者对乙草胺解毒作用明显,二氯丙烯胺浓度为10.0 μg·mL-1时对5.0 μg·mL-1乙草胺的解毒效果最好,对小麦芽解毒作用达到18.75%;苯叉酰胺浓度为20.0μg·mL-1时对0.5μg·mL-1乙草胺的解毒效果最好,对小麦芽解毒作用达到13.07%.但这两种安全剂不能完全解除乙草胺对小麦幼芽与幼根的毒害作用.