森林苗圃化学除草的初步研究

果尔（Ｏｘｙｆｌｕｏｒｆｅｎ）为森林苗圃优良除草剂，苗床剂量６００ｍｌ／ｈｍ２（２３．５％乳油），６０天内除草效果达９０％～９６％；出苗后喷施果尔３００ｍｌ／ｈｍ２混合盖草能（Ｈａｌｏｘｙｆｏｐ）（１２．５％乳油）３００ｍｌ／ｈｍ２，除草效果更佳．氟乐灵（Ｆｒｉｆｕｒａｌｉｎ）对针叶树园地，苗期用量２２５０ｍｌ／ｈｍ２（４８％乳油）除草效果达８７％～９８％，但施药后需洗苗，并复盖０．５～１．０ｃｍ的红心土对苗木安全，其残效期可达４个月左右．乙草胺（Ａｃｅｔｏｃｈｌｏｒ）防除单子叶杂草有特效，是阔叶树种苗圃的良好除草剂．除草剂使用方法简便，一般采用药土或常规喷雾施药，除草效果好，经济效益显著．     

乙草胺与醚磺隆混合制剂的液谱分析方法

采用反相商诳液相色谱法,以Ｃ１８柱为固定相,用２３６ｎｍ紫外检测器定量测定局草胺和醚磺隆混合制剂的含量。本方法的变异系数分别为０．６８％、１．８６％;标准偏差分别为０．１４５、０．０７７;平均回收率分别为９８．５９％、９８．８１％;线笥相关系数分别为０．９９９３、０．９９９６。     

Persistence and leaching of the herbicides acetochlor and terbuthylazine in an allophanic soil: comparisons of field results with PRZM‐3 predictions

Rates of degradation and adsorption of acetochlor [2‐chloro‐N‐ethoxymethyl‐6′‐ethylaceto‐o‐ toluidide] and terbuthylazine [N ²‐tert‐butyl‐6‐chloro‐N⁴‐ethyl‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐diamine] in a Horotiu sandy loam soil (Typic Orthic Allophanic) were determined under controlled temperature and soil moisture regimes. These were then combined with site‐specific soil properties and climatic conditions in the Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM‐3) to predict dissipation and leaching of the herbicides in the field. PRZM‐3 significantly under‐estimated dissipation of both herbicides in the field using parameters derived from the laboratory incubation studies. When these parameters were derived from the field trials, PRZM‐3 adequately predicted dissipation of both herbicides using a two‐rate dissipation sub‐model but under‐predicted the dissipation when a simpler single‐rate sub‐model was used. Earlier‐than‐expected appearance of both herbicides in sub‐soil layers were postulated to result from the non‐equilibrium adsorption/transport of the herbicides and preferential flow, which cannot be simulated by PRZM‐3. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

有机改性膨润土对乙草胺的吸附与控制释放作用

首次尝试将十六烷基三甲基铵盐阳离子改性的有机膨润土(CTMAB-Bents)用作乙草胺的吸附剂和控制释放载体。结果表明,与原土(Na-Bent)相比,CTMAB-Bents对乙草胺的吸附能力提高3~5倍,且吸附能力与改性膨润土所用CTMAB量成正相关。吸附等温曲线符合Freundlich经验方程,相关系数R>0.99,吸附能力主要取决于乙草胺在水和有机膨润土间的分配作用。与Na-Bent相比,CTMAB-Bents可以显著抑制乙草胺的释放速率,对乙草胺的半数释放时间(t50)介于20CTMAB-Bent制剂的6.57 h与100CTMAB-Bent制剂的19.0 h之间,并随改性膨润土对乙草胺吸附能力的提高而延长。释放动力学曲线符合Ritger和Peppas方程,n值(0.429~0.618)接近Fickian扩散模型,说明乙草胺在有机膨润土中的释放主要受到扩散控制。     

赤子爱胜蚓对乙草胺污染土壤微生物群落的影响

为研究赤子爱胜蚓对乙草胺污染土壤微生物群落的影响,本实验通过土壤酶测定法、传统平板计数法以及高通量测序法对自然土壤(S)、乙草胺污染土壤(SA)以及蚯蚓处理乙草胺污染土壤(SAE)的微生物群落进行了分析。研究发现,田间推荐使用剂量的乙草胺(5 mg·kg~(-1))使SA中过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶和蔗糖酶的活性下降,但可提高土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性,蚯蚓对受乙草胺抑制的土壤酶活性有提升作用,这种促进作用在实验中期最为明显,培养第14 d时蚯蚓处理组(SAE)过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶和蔗糖酶的活性相较于SA处理组分别上升了4%、14%和53%。乙草胺对细菌数量的抑制作用主要发生在实验前期(第3 d),对真菌的抑制作用持续到了整个培养周期结束(30 d)。蚯蚓的加入对细菌和真菌数量的恢复都有一定的促进作用,第3 d和第14 d时SAE中细菌和真菌数量分别增加35%和39%。SAE处理组土壤的pH相较于SA处理组更接近于中性,可溶性有机碳含量更高,这些性质都为土壤微生物提供了适宜的生长环境,从而促进乙草胺污染土壤中微生物数量和活性的恢复。对不同处理土壤的高通量测序结果表明,在门水平上,乙草胺主要使Proteobacteria、Actinobacteria以及Chytridiomycota丰度下降,而使Acidobacteria和Zygomycota丰度上升。蚯蚓能够改善乙草胺污染土壤中的微生物物种组成情况,使其更接近于未污染状态,以上实验结果说明蚯蚓对乙草胺造成的微生物毒害有修复作用。在属水平上,少数微生物比如Sphingomonas、Fusarium、Gaertneriomyces和Pyrenula等能够受到乙草胺刺激而丰度增加,这些微生物可能参与到了乙草胺的微生物降解过程中。     

乙草胺对小麦出苗及幼苗生长的安全性评价

进行了乙草胺90%乳油30,60,90mL/667m2三个剂量对小麦出苗与幼苗生长的影响试验,结果表明:小麦播后苗前施用乙草胺在土壤潮湿或遇较强的降水时,施用量60mL/667m2对小麦的出苗及幼苗生长造成明显的药害。播种后10d的出苗率较空白对照降低了5%～25%。出苗后3周,受药害幼苗的生长量(高度)较空白对照降低11.62～13.08cm。     

扑·乙乳油防除大豆田杂草田间药效试验

采用田间小区试验方法,进行了质量分数为40%扑·乙乳油播后苗前土壤封闭处理防除大豆田杂草田间药效试验。结果表明:质量分数为40%扑·乙乳油对大豆田杂草有较好的防除效果,对单、双子叶杂草均有较高防效,45d杂草总防效为81 21%～88 34%,鲜重抑制效果为80 29%～88 21%。随使用剂量增加,药效逐渐提高,以400g 667m2防效最好,而且对大豆出苗及生长发育无不良影响,增产幅度为10 85%～14 55%。     

Dissipation of acetochlor and its distribution in surface and sub-surface soil fractions during laboratory incubations

Pesticides in soil are subject to a number of processes that result in transformation and biodegradation, sorption to and desorption from soil components, and diffusion and leaching. Pesticides leaching through a soil profile will be exposed to changing environmental conditions as different horizons with distinct physical, chemical and biological properties are encountered. The many ways in which soil properties influence pesticide retention and degradation need to be addressed to allow accurate predictions of environmental fate and the potential for groundwater pollution. Degradation and sorption processes were investigated in a long-term (100 days) study of the chloroacetanilide herbicide, acetochlor. Soil cores were collected from a clay soil profile and samples taken from 0-30 cm (surface), 1.0-1.3 m (mid) and 2.7-3.0 m (deep) and treated with acetochlor (2.5, 1.25, 0.67 microg acetochlor g(-1) dry wt soil, respectively). In sterile and non-sterile conditions, acetochlor concentration in the aqueous phase declined rapidly from the surface and subsoil layers, predominantly through nonextractable residue (NER) formation on soil surfaces, but also through biodegradation and biotic transformation. Abiotic transformation was also evident in the sterile soils. Several metabolites were produced, including acetochlor-ethane sulphonic acid and acetochlor-oxanilic acid. Transformation was principally microbial in origin, as shown by the differences between non-sterile and sterile soils. NER formation increased rapidly over the first 21 days in all soils and was mainly associated with the macroaggregate (>2000 microm diameter) size fractions. It is likely that acetochlor is incorporated into the macroaggregates through oxidative coupling, as humification of particulate organic matter progresses. The dissipation (ie total loss of acetochlor) half-life values were 9.3 (surface), 12.3 (mid) and 12.6 days (deep) in the non-sterile soils, compared with 20.9 [surface], 23.5 [mid], and 24 days [deep] in the sterile soils, demonstrating the importance of microbially driven processes in the rapid dissipation of acetochlor in soil.     

乙草胺在土壤环境中的降解及其影响因子的研究

采用实验室模拟方法研究了乙草胺在不同土壤中的降解动态。结果表明,在未灭菌的土壤中,乙草胺3种添加浓度(1.25、2.5和5.0mg·kg-1)处理的半衰期为2.8～5.1d,远远小于在灭菌土壤中3种添加浓度处理的半衰期(20.0～25.1d);乙草胺在偏碱的华北褐土中降解较快,2.5mg·kg-1处理的半衰期为4.2d,而在偏酸的东北黑土和湖南红土中降解较慢,半衰期为6.5～10.7d;土壤相对含水量由13%增至27%,乙草胺降解半衰期由7.3d缩短至3.0d;随着环境温度增高(20℃上升至30℃),乙草胺降解速度加快(半衰期由5.7d缩短至3.3d);乙草胺在黑暗条件下降解半衰期为3.8d,而在光照条件下的半衰期为5.2～6.5d。可见,5种试验因子对土壤中乙草胺的降解均有不同程度的影响。其中土壤微生物是影响乙草胺降解的主要因素,有利于土壤中微生物生长的环境因素,如偏碱的土壤、较高的环境温度和土壤湿度等,对土壤中乙草胺的降解有促进作用。     

土壤湿度对乙草胺药害的影响

酰胺类除草剂乙草胺在大豆田中广泛应用。黑龙江省多数情况下是春季低温干旱,使乙草胺的药效不能稳定发挥,但在有些低洼地区又经常出现药害。为了探讨气象条件对乙草胺药效和药害的影响,作者于2003—2004年5月至9月,在黑龙江省农科院试验场内进行盆栽试验,研究了土壤湿度对乙草胺药害的影响。结果表明,土壤湿度对乙草胺药害有明显影响,土壤高湿条件下乙草胺药害最重,湿度适中乙草胺药害最轻,土壤干旱乙草胺药害程度轻于前者而重于后者。乙草胺药害对大豆生长发育有明显影响,大豆生长发育状况随药害加重而明显下降。乙草胺药害越重,对大豆的生长发育影响越大,表现为株高、株鲜重、根鲜重、百粒重和产量降低,根长变短,单株有效荚和粒数减少。