Time-course changes in the expression levels of miR-122, -155, and -21 as markers of liver cell damage,inflammation, and regeneration in acetaminophen-induced liver injury in rats

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a significant threat to patient health and a major concern during drug development. Recently, multiple circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to be potential biomarkers for DILI. To adapt and validate miRNAs for clinical use, we investigated the time-course changes in miR-122 expression levels in an acetaminophen-induced liver injury model in rats. In addition, miR-155 and miR-21 were evaluated as makers of inflammation and regeneration, respectively, to characterize liver status. Our results revealed that miR-122 is an early and sensitive biomarker of hepatocellular injury at a stage when alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and total bilirubin were not detectable. However, no significant differences in the expression levels of other miRNAs (miR-155 and -21) were observed between treatment and vehicle groups. Collectively, these time-course changes in the expression levels of miRNAs may be useful as markers for clinical decision-making, in the diagnosis and treatment of DILI.     

连翘提取物对对乙酰氨基酚诱导小鼠肝损伤的保护作用

试验旨在探究连翘提取物（FSE）预防性干预对对乙酰氨基酚（acetaminophen,APAP）诱导小鼠肝损伤的保护作用及其潜在作用机制。采用半仿生-生物酶法提取连翘有效成分,使用APAP构建小鼠肝损伤模型。随机将60只雌性昆明小鼠分入正常对照（NC）组、APAP肝损伤模型（LD）组、连翘提取物（FSE）对照组、连翘提取物高剂量（HFSE＋LD）组、连翘提取物中剂量（MFSE＋LD）组和连翘提取物低剂量（LFSE＋LD）组,每组10只。HFSE＋LD组、MFSE＋LD组、LFSE＋LD组分别按每天200、100、50 μg/g灌胃给予连翘提取物,NC组和LD组分别灌胃等量生理盐水,每天2次,连续给药6 d。预防性给药3 d后,腹腔注射APAP,每天1次。末次给药12 h后,试验小鼠眼球采血并快速取出肝脏,检测血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）活性,以评价肝损伤程度;检测肝脏匀浆液中还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）和过氧化氢（H₂O₂）水平,以评价肝脏氧化应激程度;制作肝脏病理切片,经苏木精伊红（HE）染色后观察肝脏病理变化;采用探针药物法测定肝脏线粒体细胞色素P4502E1（CYP2E1）活性;采用实时荧光定量PCR检测肝脏线粒体CYP2E1 mRNA表达水平;采用Western blotting法检测肝脏CYP2E1蛋白表达情况。结果表明：与NC组相比,LD组小鼠血清中ALT、AST活性均显著增加（P<0.05）;肝脏SOD活性、GSH含量均显著降低（P<0.05）,MDA、H₂O₂含量,CYP2E1 mRNA及蛋白表达水平均显著升高（P<0.05）,成功构建小鼠肝损伤模型。200、100和50 μg/g的连翘提取物可显著降低肝损伤小鼠血清ALT和AST活性（P<0.05）,显著提高肝脏中SOD活性（P<0.05）;200、100 μg/g连翘提取物可显著提高肝脏中GSH水平（P<0.05）,显著降低肝脏中MDA、H₂O₂水平及CYP2E1的mRNA和蛋白表达量（P<0.05）。以上结果表明,连翘提取物可减轻APAP诱导的小鼠肝损伤程度且呈剂量依赖性,其潜在作用机制可能与所含活性物质的抗氧化作用以及对CYP2E1酶活性和表达的抑制有关。     

Acetaminophen Toxicosis In 17 Cats

Seventeen cases of acetamninophen intoxication in cats were identified over a 12-year period. Information obtained from the medical records included the signalment, amount acetaminophen ingested, time from ingestion until treatment was initiated, clinical signs, physical examination, clinical pathology, treatment and outcome. The most common cause intoxication was owner administration. In cats that died or were euthanized the dose administered ranged from 10mg/kg to 17Omg/kg, while in cats that survived the dosage ranged from 10mg/kg to 400mg/kg. The most common clinical signs were depression, increased respiratory rate, respiratory distress, pale/muddy mucous membranes, and hypothermia. Twelve cats survived. Ten of these cats had treatment initiated within 14 hours after ingestion. One cat that survived had treatment initiated 24 hours after ingestion, and a second cat that survived had treatment initiated 48 hours after ingestion. Time between ingestion and initiation treatment may be as important if not more important than the actual dosage acetaminophen administered.     

木犀草素对对乙酰氨基酚诱导肝损伤的保护作用

【目的】基于内质网应激（ERS）和氧化应激途径,探讨木犀草素（luteolin）对对乙酰氨基酚（APAP）诱导的肝损伤的保护效果及其潜在的作用机制。【方法】将48只昆明小白鼠随机分为6组,分别为正常对照组（NC）、木犀草素对照组（MD）、APAP肝损伤模型组（APAP）以及木犀草素低、中、高剂量组（ML、MM、MH）,每组8只小鼠,NC和MD组腹腔注射生理盐水,其余各组小鼠按300 mg/kg的剂量腹腔注射APAP注射液,每天2次,连续注射4 d,给药4 d后NC组和APAP组灌胃生理盐水,MD、ML、MM、MH小鼠分别按照100,25,50,100 mg/kg的剂量灌胃木犀草素药液,每天2次,连续灌胃3 d,最后一次灌胃12 h后,分别检测小鼠血液中的谷丙转氨酶（ALT）和谷草转氨酶（AST）活性以及肝脏中的氧化应激指标（超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性及过氧化氢（H₂O₂）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）和丙二醛（MDA）含量）,在显微镜下观察各组小鼠肝组织的病理变化,并采用探针药物法测定肝脏微粒体细胞色素P450 2E1酶(CYP2E1)活性,采用qRT-PCR检测CYP2E1 mRNA表达水平,用Western Blot检测肝组织葡萄糖调节蛋白78（GRP78）、增强子CCAAT结合蛋白同源蛋白（CHOP）、CYP2E1蛋白表达水平。【结果】与NC组相比,APAP模型组的ALT和AST活性极显著升高,MD组上述2种酶活性无显著变化。与APAP模型组相比,MM、MH组ALT和AST活性显著或极显著下降。与APAP模型组相比,ML、MM、MH组的GSH含量和SOD活性均明显增加,MDA和H₂O₂含量均明显降低。小鼠肝组织病理形态显微观察结果表明,MM、MH组可以改善APAP导致的肝索消失以及肝细胞排列散乱和细胞核溶解等病理症状。探针药物法测定结果显示,0.1,0.01和0.001 mg/mL的木犀草素可以显著降低CYP2E1活性。qRT-PCR和Western Blot结果显示,木犀草素可以显著或极显著降低CYP2E1基因及其蛋白的表达水平,极显著降低GRP78和CHOP蛋白表达水平。【结论】木犀草素具有明显的抗APAP诱导的肝损伤作用,其作用机理可能是通过抑制CYP2E1的表达、减轻氧化应激和内质网应激水平,从而减轻APAP诱导的肝损伤。     

家兔大椎穴注射扑热息痛的药动学研究

目的:研究扑热息痛注射液于家兔大椎穴注射后的药动学特征。方法:健康家兔8只,扑热息痛单剂量(20mg/kg)于大椎穴注射后,在规定时间点采血,HPLC检测血药浓度,DAS药动学软件处理药时数据。结果:药时数据符合一级吸收二室模型(权重=1/C2),主要药动学参数为:Cmax=23.1880±2.4785(mg/l),tpeak=0.5000±0.0000(h),t1/2Ka=0.3821±0.1086(h),t1/2α=2.1260±0.9838(h),t1/2β=10.1621±4.0967,AUC(0-12h)=34.5331±4.181(mg/l.h),Ka=3.7364±1.2723(h),MRT(0-12h)=1.3159±0.0581(h)。结论:扑热息痛于家兔大椎穴注射后,药物迅速达到峰值,血药浓度高,有效血药浓度维持时间长,药物体内分布广泛。     

基于RNA_Seq技术分析对乙酰氨基酚对斑马鱼转录组的影响

为了研究对乙酰氨基酚对斑马鱼发育影响,采用高通量转录组测序RNA-seq技术对对乙酰氨基酚处理组(CAPAP组)与对照组(CO组)斑马鱼进行检测,以斑马鱼基因(danio rerio assembly version GRCz10)作为参考基因组,对检测结果进行拼接与质量评估,筛选出差异表达基因,并进行GO和Pathway功能分析。荧光定量PCR对部分与肝脏有关的差异表达基因进行验证。结果表明,CO与CAPAP组的差异表达基因数量为72个,其中上调差异表达基因40个,下调差异表达基因32个。对CO与CAPAP组差异表达基因进行GO富集分析,上调基因主要富集于47个条目中,下调基因主要富集于16个条目中,这些基因涉及生物进程和分子功能等多种生物活性方面,说明对乙酰氨基酚对斑马鱼的发育有一定的影响。     

Determination of Acetaminophen in Bactrian Camel Plasma by RP-HPLC

To establish the reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for determination of plasma concentration of acetaminophen in Bactrian camel, the chromatography was carried on a C18 column (150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm).The mobile phase was composed of methanol-water (20:80),the flow rate was 0.5 mL/min,and the detection wavelength was set at 248 nm for acetaminophen.The retention time of acetaminophen was 6.5 min, and was not disturbed by other miscellaneous peaks.The calibration curve was linearity in the range of 0.08 to 10.24 μg/mL (R²=0.9997),and the quantitation limit of acetaminophen was 0.10 μg/mL.Both the inter-day and intra-day RSD were under 7.0%, the absolute recovery of the method was 80.39% to 93.56%,the relative recovery of the method was 94.66% to 104.73%.Therefore, the established method was simple, reproducible and accurate,which could be used for determination of plasma acetaminophen concentration and in vivo activities of CYP1A enzyme in Bactrian camel.     

The difference of chows affects mouse physiological conditions

Acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice is a model system of human acetaminophen overdose and oxidative stress in vivo. The system is technically established, and we usually obtain severe liver damage in the treated mice; however, it is possible that the degree of liver damage is affected by the type of chow fed to mice. Thus, in this experiment, we investigated the effect of different chows on mice by comparing acetaminophen-induced liver damage, liver antioxidant level, and serum amino-acid concentrations. The results showed that differences in chows, even standard ones, affected mouse physiological conditions, with the response to oxidative stress greatly affected.