Temperature Before Cold Acclimation Affects Cold Tolerance and Photoacclimation in Timothy (Phleum pratense L.), Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.)

The expected temperature rise in late summer/early autumn can change the conditions for acclimation and affect the winter survival of perennial crops. This study examined the effect of the temperature just before the onset of cold acclimation (pre‐acclimation) on freezing tolerance of timothy (Phleum pratense L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) populations (both cultivars and breeding populations) adapted to either northern or southern parts of Norway. Using phytotron experiments, we studied whether increasing pre‐acclimation temperature delays growth cessation, affects photoacclimation and reduces freezing tolerance. Furthermore, we assessed whether these effects were related to the latitudinal adaptation of the plant material. The results showed that a rise in pre‐acclimation temperature decreased both cold acclimation capacity and photoacclimation in these species. This affected the freezing tolerance, which was reduced significantly more in northern‐adapted population of timothy and perennial ryegrass compared with southern‐adapted populations. Red clover was less affected by temperature changes than the grasses.     

早期热习服对肉鸡耐热力发育的影响研究进展

从早期热习服的概念、耐热力的评价指标以及早期热习服的时机出发,总结与分析了早期热习服对肉鸡后期耐热力形成的影响规律,试图探索出早期热习服提高肉鸡后期耐热力的机理。     

Photosynthetic responses in spring wheat grown under elevated CO2 concentrations and stress conditions in the European, multiple-site experiment ‘ESPACE-wheat’

Spring wheat cv. Minaret crop stands were grown under ambient and elevated CO₂ concentrations at seven sites in Germany, Ireland, the UK, Belgium and the Netherlands. Six of the sites used open-top chambers and one used a controlled environment mimicking field conditions. The effect of elevated CO₂ for a range of N application regimes, O₃ concentrations, and growth temperatures on flag leaf photosynthesis was studied. Before anthesis, flag leaf photosynthesis was stimulated about 50% by 650 compared with 350 μmol mol⁻¹ CO₂ at all sites, regardless of other treatments. Furthermore, there was no evidence of a decrease in photosynthetic capacity of flag leaves due to growth at elevated CO₂ before anthesis, even for low N treatments. However, photosynthetic capacity, particularly carboxylation capacity, of flag leaves was usually decreased by growth at elevated CO₂ after anthesis, especially in low N treatments. Acclimation of photosynthesis to elevated CO₂ therefore appears to occur only slowly, consistent with a response to changes in sink–source relationships, rather than a direct response. Effect of elevated CO₂ on stomatal conductance was much more variable between sites and treatments, but on average was decreased by ˜10% at 650 compared with 350 μmol mol⁻¹ CO₂. Carboxylation capacity of flag leaves was decreased by growth at elevated O₃ both before and after anthesis, regardless of CO₂ concentration.     

Laboratory and on‐farm evaluation of low‐cost salt mixtures for use during salinity acclimation and the nursery phase of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

The current study evaluates the efficacy of a low‐cost salt mixture (LCSM) to replace expensive reconstituted sea salt (RSS) in the salinity acclimation and nursery phase of Pacific white shrimp under laboratory and farm conditions. LCSM was formulated to yield sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium concentrations closely comparable to that of diluted seawater. Laboratory‐based nursery trials were conducted at 2, 6 and 15 g/L salinities, incrementally replacing RSS with LCSM (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) at four replicates per treatment. Thirty postlarvae were reared for 7 days in 24‐L aquaria during the 2 and 6 g/L trials, while the nursery trial for 15 g/L salinity was conducted for 21 days with 400 postlarvae stocked in 150‐L tanks. On‐farm evaluation of LCSM was carried out in two tank‐based systems installed on levees adjacent to shrimp production ponds. RSS was incrementally replaced with LCSM (0%, 50%, 75% and 100%) and 100 postlarvae stocked into each 800‐L tank. Salinity acclimation was done from 30 g/L to 6 or 1.5 g/L within 2–3 days by pumping water from adjacent shrimp production ponds. Following salinity acclimation, the S4 system maintained flow‐through at 1.5 g/L, while N10 system was maintained static at 6 g/L salinity. At the conclusion, no significant differences were observed for either survival or growth of shrimp postlarvae between RSS and LCSM treatments at all salinities examined. Results reflect the potential use of LCSM to replace RSS, which could be an excellent solution to bring down the cost of production in inland shrimp aquaculture.     

Thermal tolerance of paralarvae of Patagonian red octopus Enteroctopus megalocyathus

Patagonian red octopus, Enteroctopus megalocyathus, is a merobenthic octopus whose paralarvae have been successfully cultured up to juvenile octopuses. At present, high mortality during the paralarval period prevents the scaling from experimental rearing to commercial aquaculture. The aim of the study was to determine upper (CTMax) and lower (CTMin) thermal tolerance, acclimation response ratio (ARR) and thermal tolerance polygon of paralarvae from different culture conditions and subjected to seven acclimation temperatures (6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18°C) during the first 5 days of paralarval life. Culture conditions were two types of egg incubation (maternal care and artificial incubators) and two feeding regimes (fed or starved). Fed paralarvae showed thermal preferendum, while unfed paralarvae preferred much higher temperatures than those of acclimation. CTMin and CTMax increased along with the acclimation temperature. Lower values of ARR were obtained in paralarvae from artificial incubation, with this type of paralarva showing the least adaptability to thermal changes. Starved paralarvae showed the lowest values for thermal tolerance range (TTR) and smaller areas of thermal polygon than fed paralarvae. Rearing temperatures above 16°C may be considered suboptimal to paralarvae and affected by the conditions during the embryonic incubation. Rearing temperatures below 8°C may be considered suboptimal for all hatched paralarvae. Therefore, the other temperatures within this range could be used in the context of improving the culture management of paralarvae.     

转录因子CBF及其抗寒作用机制

从植物的抗寒方面综述了转录因子CBF（CRT／DRE-binding factor）的发现、分类、结构、在植物抗寒过程中发挥作用的分子机制,并介绍了调控CBF和受CBF调控的其他分子的信息,较为系统地归纳了CBF研究的最新进展。低温是影响植物生长、生产性能的重要因素之一。随着分子生物学的发展,植物抗逆分子机制成为当前植物学研究的一个热点。转录因子是转录起始过程中RNA聚合酶所需的辅助因子。真核生物RNA聚合酶自身无法启动基因转录,只有当转录因子结合在其识别的DNA序列上后,基因才开始转录。转录因子CBF广泛存在于各种植物中,可以识别COR基因中的CRT／DRE（C repeat/dehydration responsive element）元件,从而启动COR基因转录,是植物抗逆过程中一个重要的调节因子。     

热驯预处理对热胁迫下油菜下胚轴一些生理指标变化的影响

[目的]探讨热驯预处理对热胁迫下油菜下胚轴的影响。[方法]以油菜幼苗下胚轴为研究材料,通过测定热驯（37℃）、经热驯再热胁迫（37℃→44℃）和直接热胁迫（44℃）下油菜幼苗下胚轴生长量、抗坏血酸（ASA）、丙二醛（MDA）、相对含水量（RWC）及相对电导率的变化,研究热驯预处理对热胁迫下油菜幼苗下胚轴生理的影响。[结果]随着胁迫温度的升高,油菜下胚轴的生长量降低,下胚轴受损程度增加。经热驯预处理再高温胁迫,油菜下胚轴生长量、抗坏血酸含量和相对含水量明显高于直接高温胁迫的,丙二醛含量、细胞膜受损和膜脂过氧化程度则明显低于后者。[结论]热驯提高了耐热性,使下胚轴的生长得到了一定保护。     

CBF调节子在水稻品种日本晴和93 11低温驯化过程中的差异调控机制

 利用拟南芥DREB1蛋白序列在水稻全基因组水平进行TBLASTN,共检索到9个水稻同源基因。其中,有3个基因串联排列在第9染色体上,命名为OsCBF1、OsCBF2、OsCBF3。它们编码的蛋白在保守区域内与DREB1的相似性较高。低温驯化能增强水稻幼苗的耐冷性,减少叶片的离子渗漏,但粳稻品种日本晴和籼稻品种93 11之间存在差异。OsCBF1~OsCBF3基因在低温驯化过程中诱导表达,在93 11中的表达量比在日本晴中的更高。CBF候选靶标基因OsP5CS在两个水稻品种都得到诱导表达,但是OsLIP5和OsLIP9只在93 11中上调表达,而在日本晴中表达量变化不明显。OsCBF1~OsCBF3的启动子序列在日本晴与93 11之间存在多态性,93 11的启动子序列中包含更多的MYC顺式作用元件。     

AF+SBR工艺对屠宰废水处理效果的实验研究

本实验研究AF(厌氧生物滤池)+SBR(序批式活性污泥法)组合工艺对屠宰废水的处理效果,为屠宰废水处理提供一种科学经济有效的方法。AF+SBR组合工艺以3L/T的流量进水,总HRT为24h,厌氧12h,好氧12h,曝气量保持在30L/min,对屠宰废水的CODcr,NH4+-N,TP,TKN(凯氏氮)去除效果进行分析研究。实验结果表明,CODcr,NH4+-N,TP和凯氏氮去除率分别可达90%,95%,70%,90%,各项出水指标均达到了农田灌溉的标准。     

Low-Salinity Acclimation of Juvenile Marine Goliath Grouper Epinephelus itajara

The ability of marine goliath grouper to survive in waters of low salinity was investigated by collecting juvenile individuals from the wild in full-strength seawater and either transferring them directly to fresh water or acclimating them over a 96-h period to fresh water. Juvenile goliath grouper (n = 49; mean 23.4 cm SL; SD 4.1; mean 339.1 g; SD 89.3) tolerated transfers from seawater (30 ppt) to freshwater (<1 ppt), and survived thereafter for a period of 28 d in strictly fresh water, with no observed adverse effects. However, the salinity tolerance was influenced by rate of exposure, as no deaths were observed when the fish were given a gradual decrease in salinity, but 60% of the individuals died when transferred abruptly from seawater into fresh water.