Threshold responses of songbirds to long-term timber management on an active industrial forest

Forest managers often seek to balance economic benefits from timber harvesting with maintenance of habitat for wildlife, ecosystem function, and human uses. Most research on the relationship between avian abundance and active timber management has been short-term, lasting one to two years, creating the need to investigate long-term avian responses and to identify harvest thresholds when a small change in habitat results in a disproportionate response in relative abundance and nest success. Our objectives were to identify trends in relative abundance and nest success and to identify landscape-scale disturbance thresholds for avian species and habitat guilds in response to a variety of harvest treatments (clear-cuts, heavy and light partial harvests) over 14 years. We conducted point counts and monitored nests at an industrial forest in the central Appalachians of West Virginia during 1996-1998, 2001-2003, and 2007-2009. Early successional species increased in relative abundance across all three time periods, whereas interior-edge and forest-interior guilds peaked in relative abundance mid-study after which the forest-interior guild declined. Of 41 species with >10 detections, four (10%) declined significantly, 13 (32%) increased significantly (only three species among all periods), and 9 (22%) peaked in abundance mid-study (over the entire study period, four species had no significant change in abundance, four declined, and one increased). Based on piecewise linear models, forest-interior and interior-edge guilds’ relative abundance harvest thresholds were 28% total harvests (all harvests combined), 10% clear-cut harvests, and 18% light partial harvests, after which abundances declined. Harvest thresholds for the early successional guild were 42% total harvests, 11% clear-cut harvest, and 10% light partial harvests, and relative abundances increased after surpassing thresholds albeit at a reduced rate of increase after the clear-cut threshold. Threshold confidence intervals for individual species overlapped their guild threshold intervals 91% of the time. Even though relative abundance of most species (80%) did not decline as the area affected by timber management increased, implementing management at or below our approximate forest-interior and interior-edge harvest thresholds would reduce the number of declining species by half, maintain higher relative abundances of four species with a net decline in abundance but that peaked in abundance mid-study, and maintain higher relative abundances of ten additional species. In contrast, this management strategy also would prevent the increase in relative abundance of seven species and limit the increase in abundance of three species that increased throughout the study.     

Carbon fluxes in soil food webs of increasing complexity revealed by C labelling and C natural abundance

Soil food webs are mainly based on three primary carbon (C) sources: root exudates, litter, and recalcitrant soil organic matter (SOM). These C sources vary in their availability and accessibility to soil organisms, which could lead to different pathways in soil food webs. The presence of three C isotopes (¹²C, ¹³C and ¹⁴C) offers an unique opportunity to investigate all three C sources simultaneously. In a microcosm experiment we studied the effect of food web complexity on the utilization of the three carbon sources. We choose an incomplete three factorial design with (i) living plants, (ii) litter and (iii) food web complexity. The most complex food web consisted of autochthonous microorganisms, nematodes, collembola, predatory mites, endogeic and anecic earthworms. We traced C from all three sources in soil, in CO₂ efflux and in individual organism groups by using maize grown on soil developed under C₃ vegetation and application of ¹⁴C labelled ryegrass shoots as a litter layer. The presence of living plants had a much greater effect on C pathways than food web complexity. Litter decomposition, measured as ¹⁴CO₂ efflux, was decreased in the presence of living plants from 71% to 33%. However, living plants increased the incorporation of litter C into microbial biomass and arrested carbon in the litter layer and in the upper soil layer. The only significant effect of food web complexity was on the litter C distribution in the soil layers. In treatments with fungivorous microarthropods (Collembola) the incorporation of litter carbon into mineral soil was reduced. Root exudates as C source were passed through rhizosphere microorganisms to the predator level (at least to the third trophic level). We conclude that living plants strongly affected C flows, directly by being a source of additional C, and indirectly by modifying the existing C flows within the food web including CO₂ efflux from the soil and litter decomposition.     

Soil organic carbon and phosphorus availability regulate abundance of culturable phosphate-solubilizing bacteria in paddy fields

Low availability of phosphorus(P) is a major constraint for optimal crop production, as P is mostly present in its insoluble form in soil. Therefore,phosphate-solubilizing bacteria(PSB) from paddy field soils of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, India were isolated, and their abundance was attempted to be correlated with the physicochemical characteristics of the soils. Ninety-four PSB were isolated on Pikovskaya's agar medium, and quantitative phosphate solubilization was evaluated using NBRIP medium. The isolates solubilized P up to a concentration of 1 006 μg mL~(-1) from tricalcium phosphate with the secretion of organic acids. These isolates were identified by 16 S rRNA gene sequence comparison, and they belonged to Gammaproteobacteria(56 isolates),Firmicutes(28 isolates), Actinobacteria(8 isolates), and Alphaproteobacteria(2 isolates). Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the identification by clustering the isolates in the clade of the respective reference organisms. The correlation analysis between PSB abundance and physicochemical characteristics revealed that the PSB population increased with increasing levels of soil organic carbon, insoluble P, K~+, and Mg~(2+). The promising PSB explored in this study can be further evaluated for their biofertilizer potential in the field and for their use as potent bio-inoculants.     

Fungal abundance and distribution as influenced by clearing and land use in a vertic soil of Argentina

The influence of native vegetation clearing and different further soil managements on fungal propagule population diversity was studied in the present work. In each of the 3 years (1998, 1999, and 2000), soil samples were collected at the depth of 0–7.5 cm from sites under native vegetation (V0); naturalized prairie, cleared in 1982 (P16); conventional tillage, cleared in 1972 (T26); and direct drilling, cleared in 1958 (D40). Fungal population size and relative abundance of fungal genera were studied by plate counts and further identification of isolates on potato dextrose agar. The undisturbed site and the other sites with increasing time elapsed since native vegetation clearing and different management history showed a distinctive distribution of fungal genera. There were significant differences (p<0.05) among the sites in the abundance of fungal genera analyzed in all the 3 years. Principal component analysis based on relative fungal genus abundance differentiated the sites with 75% variance explained by the first and second components. Diversity and abundance of isolated fungal genera were increased as density of Penicillium spp. decreased, suggesting a competitive effect of this fungal genus. The largest diversity was found in the site under no-till management. The different distribution and relative abundance of the fungal genera studied seemed to be influenced strongly by the management and the presence of surface residue in the no-tilled site.     

重庆市土壤有机碳库的估算及其空间分布特征

基于重庆市第二次土壤普查的1411个土壤剖面数据，结合重庆市土壤图、土地利用现状图和行政区划图，在地理信息系统技术的支持下，对重庆市土壤有机碳密度及储量进行了估算、同时引入有机碳丰度指数这一指标，对有机碳在不同土壤、不同区域以及不同景观中的分布特征进行了分析。结果表明：重庆市20cm和100cm深度的土壤有机碳储量分别为0．27Tg和1．0Tg；20cm深度的土壤有机碳密度介于0．33～30．36kg／m^2之间．100cm深度的土壤有机碳密度介于1．27～72．69kg／m^2之间；重庆市土壤有机碳库在不同土壤、不同区域以及不同景观的分布具有高度的空间变异性，100cm深度的土壤、区域和景观有机碳丰度指数分别为0．58～1．95，0．55～1．39和0．46～1．58．与气候、植被、人类活动等因素密切相关。     

Bacteria and fungi on roots of different barley varieties (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Summary We investigated the abundance of bacteria and fungi on roots of different barley varieties grown in soil and in a nutrient solution. Measurements were made on the rhizoplane and, for soil-grown plants, also in the rhizosphere soil. Further, the influence of plant age was investigated. Barley variety, had a significant influence both for plants grown in soil and in the nutrient solution, and the effects were most pronounced on the rhizoplane. There were no significant differences among varieties in fungal hyphal lengths on the roots. Bacterial abundance on the rhizoplane was significantly decreased with increasing plant age. Varietal differences were maintained over different plant ages.     

种子贮藏蛋白质丰度研究进展

种子贮藏蛋白质丰度研究是种子蛋白质组学研究的重要领域,对于明确蛋白质丰度与种子进化、结构和萌发的分子机制等具有重要意义,同时可应用于种质的分子改良,并能将种子作为转基因产物生产的优良平台。对不同类型种子发育和萌发过程中的贮藏蛋白质丰度研究进展进行了概述,同时介绍了蛋白质丰度研究中贮藏蛋白质的样品制备方法。     

不同恢复时期红松阔叶林群落结构与多样性特征

以长白山不同恢复时期红松阔叶林群落为研究对象,采用空间序列代替时间序列的方法,探讨了不同恢复时期(恢复20年、30年、70年和原始林)红松阔叶林群落的结构与多样性特征.结果表明:恢复70年的群落中乔木科、属、种特征与原始林相同,而恢复20年和30年的群落则与原始林存在显著差异,物种多度分布曲线也显示了相同的特征.恢复70年的群落与原始林中的物种丰富度及多度随径级和高度级的分布形式相同,但恢复20年和30年的群落则与原始林不同,并且缺少大径级和较高的树木.恢复30年的群落中乔木和灌木的物种丰富度最高,而恢复70年的群落则与原始林无显著差异,草本物种丰富度在原始林中最高.乔木Shannon-Wiener多样性指数也表现出与物种丰富度相同的大小关系,而灌木在4个不同恢复时期群落中无显著差异,草本则是恢复30年和原始林较高.恢复70年的群落与原始林相似性最高,而恢复20年的群落与原始林相似性最低.从群落的结构与多样性特征来看,恢复70年的群落结构与多样性特征已经接近原始林群落水平.     

怒江西藏段鱼类群落结构及多样性

为了探究怒江西藏段鱼类群落结构及多样性特征,于2017-2020年在怒江西藏段干流及主要支流设置9个调查站点进行了8次鱼类资源调查。调查共采集到鱼类23种,隶属于2目6科9属,其中怒江特有种有6种,外来鱼类5种。鱼类种类数分布总体上呈现随着海拔上升而逐渐减少的分布趋势。优势种为怒江裂腹鱼（Schizothorax nukiangensiss）、裸腹叶须鱼（Ptychobarbus kaznakovi）和热裸裂尻鱼（Schizopygopsis thermalis）,3种鱼类共占调查鱼类总生物量的96.28%,占生物总数的91.25%。群落多样性分析结果显示Shannon指数、Simpson指数、Margalef指数、Pielou指数范围分别为0.369~0.908、0.222~0.496、0.317~0.754和0.405~0.692,怒江西藏段鱼类群落多样性整体上处于较低水平。生态类型上分为底栖缓流型、底栖间隙型、急流吸附型及静水中层型4类,摄食类型基本上都为杂食性。下游察瓦龙乡与那曲大坝上游的鱼类物种组成相似性指数（11.76%）最低,支流左贡玉曲河与比如大坝下游的鱼类物种组成相似性指数（70.00%）最高。流域总体上处于中度干扰状态,上游大坝之间的河段及支流玉曲河处于较为严重的干扰状态。为了保护怒江西藏段鱼类多样性,降低区域内干扰,建议在玉曲河支流设立保护区,同时加强流域渔政管理,规范放生行为,做好流域开发的生态保护修复与预案研究。     

可持续的生态农业是我国农业现代化道路的选择

  目的  基于稻鳝生态种养长期定位试验,探讨稻鳝生态种养模式下不同施肥处理对稻田土壤（0 ~ 20 cm和20 ~ 40 cm）理化性状和微生物群落数量的影响。  方法  采用大田小区试验,共设置6个处理：无稻鳝种养 + 施肥处理(RT),稻鳝种养 + 无肥空白(CK),稻鳝种养 + 施肥处理(IRT),稻鳝种养 + 70%施肥(IT70%),稻鳝种养 + 70%施肥 + 秸秆还田(ITS70%),稻鳝种养 + 70%施肥 + 30%有机肥(ITO70%)。  结果  与RT相比,ITS70%处理使0 ~ 20 cm和20 ~ 40 cm土层的土壤容重显著降低,0 ~ 20 cm和20 ~ 40 cm土层的土壤R_0.25、MWD、GWD显著提升,分别提高了32.15%、75.47%、103.20%和41.04%、100%、118%,使0 ~ 20 cm和20 ~ 40 cm土层的土壤有机质含量显著提升,分别提高了31.03%和39.23%,使0 ~ 20 cm和20 ~ 40 cm土层的土壤细菌拷贝数显著提升了27.28%和29.28%,使20 ~ 40 cm土层的土壤真菌拷贝数显著提升了21.43%;ITO70%处理使0 ~ 20 cm土层的土壤容重显著降低了29.63%;IRT处理则使0 ~ 20 cm和20 ~ 40 cm土层的土壤全钾含量显著提高了31.65%和23.63%,使0 ~ 20 cm和20 ~ 40 cm土层的土壤速效钾含量显著提升了31.88%和45.68%。  结论  综上所述,与常规稻田施肥相比,稻鳝生态种养不同施肥类型均使稻田土壤理化性状和微生物群落数量得到有效改善,其中70%施肥并配合秸秆还田改善效果最佳。