不同类型蔬菜中矿质元素含量的比较研究

采用火焰原子分光光度法,测定了保定市市售的3种类型共16种蔬菜中的Ca、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn 5种矿质元素,为指导人们日常饮食提供科学依据.结果表明:不同类型蔬菜中矿质元素含量不同,叶菜类蔬菜中的(Ca、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn含量高于果菜类蔬菜、根茎类蔬菜;而不同品种的蔬菜其矿质元素的含量也存在很大差异,油菜中的Ca和Mn含量最高,分别为7.6 g/100g和8.98 mg/100g;Zn含量最高的为香麦16.72 mg/100g,其次为菠菜12.63 mg/100g,洋白菜的Zn含量最低仅为0.73 mg/100g;菠菜中Fe含量最高138.43 mg/100g,其次为香麦111.11 mg/100g.综合分析结果,香麦、菠菜、油菜的Ca、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn含量要高于其它种类的蔬菜.     

Comparative intestinal absorption of amino acids in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi) and Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis)

The kinetics of amino acid absorption in the proximal section of three fish species were studied using an everted intestine technique and a pancreatic digest of casein (Tryptone), as the model amino acid mixture. Fresh intestine of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was used to set up the experimental system, and results were compared with those obtained using intestines from totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi) and bluefin tuna fish (Thunnus orientalis). The kinetics of amino acid absorption was sigmoidal for all amino acids and for each species of fish tested. In general, specific absorptions of essential amino acids were higher than those of non‐essential ones. No correlation between the concentration of amino acids in the Tryptone solution and the corresponding absorptions was found. The maximum specific absorption rates of all amino acids for trout were 10 times higher than those determined for totoaba and bluefin tuna. The relative amounts of the different amino acids preferentially absorbed in all three species were different. Results obtained from the everted technique may be applicable to the design of formulated diets for large fish species with commercial value.     

高效节能型日光温室黄瓜养分的吸收规律

高效节能型日光温室黄瓜干物质和氮、磷、钾的积累都呈“S”形曲线 ;氮、磷、钾吸收最大期为盛瓜初期至盛瓜后期 ,占总吸收量的 80 %以上 ;每形成 10 0kg黄瓜需吸收N量0 .2 0 0 2kg ,P2 O50 .0 92 1kg ,K2 O 0 .2 32 2kg ,其比例为 1∶0 .4 6∶1.16 ;每 6 6 7m2 产 130 0 0kg黄瓜 ,在盛瓜期氮、磷、钾吸收速率分别为N 190～ 2 70、P2 O577～ 135、K2 O 199～ 347g·(d·6 6 7m2 ) - 1。     

水稻苗期根系铵钾离子吸收的交互作用研究

【目的】为探讨水稻幼苗根系NH_4~+、K~+吸收的交互作用,深化水稻养分吸收理论,【方法】采用溶液培养的方法,对低钾及高钾浓度下水稻在有铵和无铵时的K~+吸收动力学特征进行了研究,对不同钾浓度下水稻根系NH_4~+的吸收速率进行了比较。【结果】1)当K~+0.2 mmol/L时,水稻根系通过高亲和转运系统吸收K~+服从Michaelich-Menten动力学方程;NH_4~+的存在显著降低K~+的最大吸收速率(Vmax),且降幅随着NH_4~+浓度的增加而增大;NH_4~+对水稻根表载体与K~+的亲和力(Km)影响较小,在1.62 mmol/L NH_4~+浓度下,水稻品种齐粒丝苗和沪科3号的Km分别下降了12.33%和16.46%,远低于Vmax 47.30%和39.21%的降幅。2)当K~+0.5 mmol/L时,水稻根系K~+低亲和转运系统发挥作用,K~+吸收速率随浓度的增加而不断增加,呈不饱和特征;但在相同K~+浓度下,水稻根系的K~+吸收速率随NH_4~+浓度的增加而下降。3)水稻根系对NH_4~+的吸收速率随着NH_4~+浓度的增加而增加;在相同NH_4~+浓度下,水稻根系对NH_4~+的吸收速率受K~+浓度的影响很小。【结论】NH_4~+抑制水稻苗期根系K~+的高亲和转运和低亲和转运,NH_4~+对K~+高亲和吸收的影响主要是由于铵竞争细胞膜上的钾载体所致;外界K~+浓度的变化对水稻幼苗的NH_4~+吸收速率影响很小。水稻铵钾的交互作用主要表现在NH_4~+对K~+吸收的抑制作用。     

水稻均衡营养肥对杂交稻生长发育的影响及养分吸收特性

研究了水稻均衡营养肥对杂交稻生长发育的影响及养分吸收特性,以为精准施肥及秸秆还田养分循环利用提供必要的科学参数。结果表明,水稻均衡营养肥处理的株高、总粒数、实粒数、结实率、穗质量和产量均高于常规施肥处理,稻谷中的总钾、S~(6+)和Fe~(2+)含量均高于常规施肥处理,但总磷、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)的含量低于常规施肥处理,总氮含量则基本相同;常规施肥处理的秸秆中总氮、总钾、Mg~(2+)和S~(6+)含量均高于水稻均衡营养肥处理,总磷、Ca~(2+)和Fe~(2+)含量基本相同。均衡营养肥处理氮、磷、钾利用率分别为67.8%、60.0%和95.5%,农民常规施肥处理分别为32.3%、86.0%和100%。可见,水稻均衡营养肥能均衡的为杂交稻生长提供必需的养分,大幅度提高肥料利用率。     

水稻氮钾吸收的交互作用研究

氮和钾都是水稻生长的大量必须营养元素,在水稻的生长发育过程中起着不可替代的作用。水稻对氮、钾的吸收存在着一定的交互作用。本文在综述水稻氮、钾吸收的机理上,探讨了氮素对水稻钾素吸收的影响,以及钾素对水稻氮素吸收的影响。     

Exogenous CaCl2 reduces salt stress in sour jujube by reducing Na+ and increasing K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in different plant organs

In this study, we investigated the effects of 10 mM CaCl₂ on membrane permeability, malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ concentrations in different organs of sour jujube grown under 150 mM NaCl stress. Our results showed 73% leaf wilting in the Na treatment. The Na treatment significantly increased leaf superoxide (O₂^.?) production rates, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) concentrations, cell membrane permeability, MDA concentrations, and Na⁺ concentrations in roots, stems, and leaves. The Na treatment significantly reduced K⁺, Ca²⁺,and Mg²⁺ concentrations in roots, but increased K⁺ concentrations in stems. Compared with the Na treatment, 39% of the leaves showed wilting symptoms in the Na+Ca treatment. The Na+Ca treatment significantly decreased leaf O₂^.? production rates, H₂O₂ concentrations, cell membrane permeability, and MDA concentrations. Moreover, the Na+Ca treatment (1) significantly reduced Na⁺ concentrations in roots, stems, and leaves; (2) significantly increased root K⁺ concentrations; (3) significantly increased K⁺/Na⁺ ratios in roots; (4) significantly increased Ca²⁺ concentrations in stems and leaves, and Mg²⁺ concentrations in roots. In conclusion, exogenous CaCl₂ reduces NaCl stress in sour jujube by reducing Na+ concentrations and increasing K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ concentrations in various plant organs.     

葡萄冷链品质的时间-温度指示器模糊推理预测

为了验证和评价变温环境下时间-温度指示器(TTI)响应值预测农产品品质的适用性,构建了TTI模糊推理预测方法。TTI模糊推理预测是依据拟合程度高的恒温试验农产品品质实际变化经验方程,以及尽可能准确描述任意有效温度与恒温温度之间关系的隶属度函数构建预测模型,实现对任意有效温度下农产品品质预测值计算。同时设置了高低温变温试验模拟鲜食葡萄冷链物流温度特征,用上述方法对Vitsab M25-2、OnVu TTI预测玫瑰香葡萄硬度进行了参数估计与模型建立,并与TTI动力学预测值进行了对比。结果表明,面向鲜食葡萄品质感知的TTI模糊推理预测在低温下相对于TTI动力学预测有所改进,平均相对偏差分别减小了6.03个百分点和2.70个百分点;在高温下没有改进。因此在低温下可选择模糊推理预测方法。     

硼对平邑甜茶幼苗硝态氮吸收、利用及分配特性的影响

以平邑甜茶幼苗为试材,运用~(15)N同位素示踪和非损伤微测技术,研究了不同供硼(硼酸0、1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0、5.0和6.0 mg·L~(-1))水平对平邑甜茶根系生长及氮素吸收、利用和分配特性的影响。结果表明,3.0 mg·L~(-1)硼酸处理的幼苗根系活力及根系形态指标显著高于其他处理,幼苗的全氮量及~(15)N吸收量增幅最大,分别比对照提高了19.4%和75.0%。随供硼水平的增加,植株氮素利用率呈现先增高后降低的趋势,在3.0 mg·L~(-1)硼酸处理时最大,为14.8%,是对照的1.8倍。施硼处理对幼苗的~(15)N分配率有一定的影响,3.0 mg·L~(-1)硼酸处理的根系~(15)N分配率达到最大,且显著高于对照。非损伤微测结果显示,3.0 mg·L~(-1)硼酸处理时,平邑甜茶根系对NO_3~-有强烈吸收且内流速度达到最大,在缺硼和高硼(硼酸0和6.0 mg·L~(-1))处理时有明显外排趋势。因此,3.0 mg·L~(-1)硼酸处理最有利于平邑甜茶根系的生长、根系活力的提高和氮素的吸收利用,而低硼和过量供硼均会抑制根系生长及氮素的吸收利用。