冷激黄瓜贮藏品质及冷激过程传热特性分析

为研究冷激处理对黄瓜保鲜效果的影响及冷激过程中黄瓜内部组织传热机理,建立了黄瓜冷激过程的传热数学模型,并以0℃的冰水混合物为冷激介质,对处理时间分别为20、40、60 min黄瓜的保鲜效果进行了对比试验研究。结果表明,黄瓜保鲜效果差异不仅与冷激处理时组织的最低温度有关,还与最低温度持续的时间有关。冷激处理40 min能够有效抑制黄瓜硬度、可溶性固形物含量的下降,减缓失重率的上升,保持较高的过氧化物酶活性。所建的传热模型能够准确预测冷激处理过程中黄瓜不同深度位置处的组织温度变化。冷激传热模型及相关结论可为黄瓜采后冷激处理工艺提供理论及实践指导。     

Interactive Effects of Nitrogen Source and Salinity on Growth Indices and Ion Content of Indian Mustard

ABSTRACT

The interactions between salinity and different nitrogen (N) sources nitrate (NO₃ ^?), ammonium (NH₄ ⁺), and NO₃ ^? + NH₄ ⁺ were investigated on Indian mustard (Brassica juncea cv. RH30). Treatments were added to observe the combined effect of two salinity levels (8 and 12 ds m^{? 1}) and three nitrogen sources (NO₃ ^?, NH₄ ⁺, and NO₃ ^? + NH₄ ⁺) on different growth parameters and mineral composition in different plant parts, i.e., leaves, stem, and root. Salinity has been known to affect the uptake and assimilation of various essential nutrients required for normal growth and development. Different growth parameters, i.e., leaf area, dry weight of different plant parts, absolute growth rate (AGR), relative growth rate (RGR), and net assimilation rate (NAR) declined markedly by salinity at pre-flowering and flowering stages. All growth indices were less sensitive to salinity (12 d s m^{? 1}) with the nitrate form of nitrogen. It is pertinent mention that a high dose (120 kg ha^{? 1}) of nitrogen in ammonium form NH₄ ⁺, acted synergistically with salinity in inhibiting growth. Plants fed with combined nitrogen (NO₃ ^? + NH₄ ⁺) had an edge over individual forms in ameliorating the adverse effects of salinity on growth and yield. Under salt stress, different nutrient elements such as N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K⁺), and magnesium (Mg^{2 +}) were decreased in different plant parts (leaves, stem, and root). The maximum and minimum reduction was observed with ammoniacal and combined form of nitrogen, respectively, while the reverse was true of calcium (Ca^{2 +}), sodium (Na⁺), chloride (Cl^?), and sulfate (SO₄ ^2?) at harvest. Nitrogen application (120 Kg ha^{? 1}) in combined form had been found to maintain highest concentrations of N, P, Mg^{2 +}, and Ca^{2 +} along with reduced concentrations of Na⁺, Cl^?, and SO₄ ^{2 ?}. However, reverse was true with ammoniacal form of nitrogen.     

高温湿人工老化处理对不同棉种活力的影响

试验用高温(41℃±1℃)、高湿(RH=100%)密闭条件的人工老化处理种子方法,研究了不同时间(0～240h)对中棉所35号(Gossypium hirsutum)和新海25号(Gossypium Barbadense)两个棉花品种种子活力的影响.结果表明:随着老化时间的延长,两个棉花品种的发芽指标、活力指数呈先升高后逐渐降低的变化趋势,而电导率值则呈现逐渐上升迹象.两个棉种的发芽势、绝对电导率在处理时间为0～72 h没有显著差异,而处理72 h是一个变化临界点,此后随着老化处理时间的延长,呈急剧下降趋势.棉种的发芽指标与活力指数呈显著的正相关,绝对电导率与活力指教呈显著的负相关.海岛棉耐高温高湿性低于陆地棉.     

气流式纤维干燥系统热平衡计算

根据气流式纤维干燥系统的基本原理,对纤维干燥过程中几个主要的热量交换及传输过程进行热平衡计算,求出在工厂已有的条件下,系统可干燥的湿料绝对含水率范围。     

实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测禽白血病病毒J亚群

将禽白血病病毒J亚群(ALV-J)NX0101毒株接种1日龄和7日龄SPF雏鸡并设阴性对照组,采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法,定期检测病毒在体内的复制情况。根据GenBank发表的ALV-Jenv基因保守序列(AY897227)设计1对特异性引物扩增目的基因;根据鸡的3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(GAPDH)基因序列(K01458),在保守区内设计1对引物扩增内参照基因,分别克隆入质粒作为标准品制作标准曲线,采用SYBR GreenⅠ染料建立荧光定量PCR法,并对方法的特异性、敏感性和重复性进行评价。结果显示,标准曲线的Ct值与标准品浓度的对数值之间存在线性关系;最低每个反应可检测到60个拷贝的病毒数,比常规PCR灵敏度高1 000倍。检测结果分别采用绝对定量法和相对定量法进行分析,都达到了良好的效果。通过对病毒含量变化的检测发现,在雏鸡4周龄时,2个接毒组ALV-J病毒突然呈对数式增长。据此分析ALV-J病毒在体内经过3~4周潜伏后,突然呈暴发式增长,这种情况可能和临床表现的免疫抑制直接相关。结果表明,本试验建立了一种特异性强、敏感性高、可定量分析ALV-J病毒增殖的方法,为进一步相关研究奠定了基础。     

黄土高原果园不同覆盖模式对土壤酶活性的影响

为探究土壤绝对酶活性和相对酶活性在果园不同覆盖模式下的变化特征及相关影响因素,为果园土壤质量评价提供理论依据,本试验以传统清耕(Conventional tillage, CT)为对照,研究秸秆(Corn stalk, CS)、黑麦草(Lolium perenne L. Ryrgrass, RE)和白三叶(Trifolium repens L. White clover, WC)处理下α-葡萄糖苷酶(α-glucosidase, AG)、β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-glucosidase, BG)、β-木糖苷酶(β-xylosidase, BXYL)、纤维二糖苷酶(Cellobiosidase, CBH)、乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(Acetylglucosaminidase, NAG)、亮氨酸氨基肽酶(L-leucine aminopeptidase, LAP)和碱性磷酸酶(Alkaline phosphatase, ALP)变化特征及影响因素。结果表明,覆盖措施不同程度提高了0～40 cm各土层土壤绝对酶活性。AG,BG,BXYL,CBH,NAG和ALP活性表现为CS>RE>WC>...     

大兴安岭主要树种死可燃物含水率的实验分析

对大兴安岭16种乔木和灌木凋落的树叶、小枝和树皮含水率进行实验分析，结果表明：凋落的树叶、小枝和树皮的风干含水率差别不大，凋落的树叶与小枝的绝干含水率差异也不显著，但树皮与树叶和小枝的绝干含水率有显著差异；凋落的树叶、小枝和树皮风干含水率和绝干含水率无显著相关，这说明在分析抗火性时风干含水率和绝干含水率都要考虑进去；所选的16种树种的风干含水率和绝干含水率不存在差异，因此，在分析树种之间凋落的树叶、小枝和树皮抗火性差别时可以不考虑风干含水率和绝干含水率．     

萃取溶剂对饲料香味剂有效成分分析的影响

采用无水乙醇、正己烷、二氯甲烷萃取同一饲料香味剂,通过气相色谱进行检测,并用外标法对其中的有效成分进行定量,对比3种不同溶剂的回收率.结果表明,对饲料香味剂中主要成分的回收率以二氯甲烷最高.     

Morphological and water-stress characteristics of three Douglas-fir stocktypes in relation to seedling performance under different soil moisture conditions

This one-time greenhouse study examined the phenology, morphology, frost hardiness and response to moisture stress of three Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stocktypes from the same seed lot. The types were mini-plug^TM transplants (MPT), 1+1 bareroot transplants (1+1), and 2+0 bareroot seedlings (2+0). In late summer and fall before lifting, 2+0 seedling set bud before 1+1 seedlings, 1+1 seedlings before MPT seedlings. The 2+0 seedlings appeared slowest to acquire frost hardiness in fall and seemed to deharden most rapidly in spring. Although the 2+0 seedlings were taller than the MPT stocktype, MPT and 2+0 seedlings were relatively similar in other morphological respects, but 1+1 seedlings were much larger. All stocktypes were potted on January 20, 1989, placed in a greenhouse, and subjected to 39%, 18%, 16%, or 6% soil water content (% dry weight) until the end of the experiment in mid-July 1990. The largest decrease in pre-dawn xylem water potential occurred with 16% and 6% soil water content; pre-dawn xylem water potential averaged over the three stocktypes generally declined 219% from low to high soil moisture stress. The 1+1 seedlings used more water than the other two stocktypes, and at maximum soil moisture stress, plant moisture stress increased in the order: MPT <2+0<1+1. During the 6-month greenhouse experiment, the larger 1+1 stocktype showed the most absolute growth, but the smaller stocktypes grew more on a relative scale. Growth of the stocktypes appeared to be related to differences in morphology and water-use patterns as the seedlings competed for available water within each pot. The results show that MPT seedlings, a new stocktype, performed as well as the more traditionally used 2+0 and 1+1 seedlings and that stocktype selection is important in reforestation efforts.     

华北柴鸡生长规律的研究

选择健康华北柴鸡商品雏200只为试验材料,饲养期共16周,在初生和各周龄末空腹称重,计算各周绝对增重、相对增重。从研究结果看,华北柴鸡体重的绝对增重在8周龄最高,公鸡与母鸡虽然增重数值略有差异,但生长高峰出现的时间基本相同。