Synthesis, characterization, absolute structural determination and antifungal activity of a new chlorinated aromatic avenaciolide analogue

BACKGROUND: Avenaciolide, a natural product isolated from Aspergillus avenaceus H. Smith, possesses several interesting biological properties, such as antifungal and antibacterial activities and inhibition of glutamate transport in mitochondria. In a study aiming to discover new compounds with antifungal activity, a bis‐γ‐lactone analogous to avenaciolide was prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, and infrared and NMR spectroscopy. RESULTS: The absolute structures of this compound and of the synthetic precursor (also a bis‐γ‐lactone) were determined by X‐ray diffraction analysis. The bis‐γ‐lactones synthesized crystallize in the orthorhombic space group P2₁2₁2₁, and the crystal packings are supported by C? H···O hydrogen bonds. The compound showed antifungal activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc., while the synthetic precursor was inactive under the in vitro test conditions employed. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that it is not only the bis‐γ‐lactone skeleton that is important to antifungal activity. The latter also depends on the presence of the exocyclic double bond possibly due to a Michael addition type reaction with the fungal enzymes. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Ammonia Emissions from Broiler Houses

Air emissions will be one of the greatest challenges facing the poultry industry in the future. Federal regulations as applied to animal agriculture will be further defined as additional baseline data are obtained. Ammonia emissions monitoring requires accurate ventilation estimates, ammonia detection, and trained personnel. There are wide variations in ammonia emissions among houses, ages of birds, and flocks. Ammonia emission levels per house occasionally exceed the threshold of 45 kg /d (100 lb/d) set by the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) and Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA). In the future poultry producers may need to address ammonia emissions when adopting best management practices for their operations.     

Absolute Quantification of Proteins in Rice Leaf Based on Multiple Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometry

【Objective】An absolute quantitative method for proteins in rice leaf based on multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometry was established.【Method】The proteins in rice leaf were extracted with PBS buffer containing 1.0% sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS), purified by acetone precipitation, and then digested by Trypsin. The enzymatic hydrolysate was separated by liquid chromatography, monitored by MRM mass spectrometry and quantified by external standard method.【Results】The addition of 1.0% SDS to the extraction buffer enhanced the extraction effect of 16 kinds of target proteins and total proteins in rice leaf. Total proteins precipitation with several solvents varied significantly (P<0.05), and the precipitation ability from strong to weak was acetonitrile>acetone>isopropanol>methanol>ethanol. Acetone performed best in the precipitation effect of 16 kinds of target proteins, followed by isopropanol and acetonitrile, and methanol and ethanol represented the worst precipitants. The relative standard deviations of the method were all less than 14% in three orders of magnitude range, with the quantification limit from 0.1 to 2.5 nmol/L, and the contents of 16 kinds of proteins in rice leaf during the grain filling stage ranged from 6.0 to 2818.1 μg/g.【Conclusion】SDS could significantly improve the extraction effect of proteins in rice leaf. Acetone and acetonitrile addition generated excellent precipitation effects of proteins, with slight difference in various proteins. Combined with MRM mass spectrometry technology, the absolute quantification method for proteins in rice leaf is featured by wide-linear range, high sensitivity and good repeatability.     

Combination Forecasting Models Using Regression Analysis Method

Using regression analysis method,the methods for solving the weights of combination forecasting model(CFM) are proposed. At first, the linear regress CFM are presented based on the least absolute criteria and least square criteria. Then the weights can be evaluated using the least square princinple. Because the objective function of CFM based on least absolute criteria is non differential, the traditional programming methods can not solve it. So the least square method with the modified weights is proposed to solve this problem. At the same time, methods for solving CFM is given with the aim of minimizing sum of percentage error absolutes. From many cases, the results show that the forecasting precision of CFM is very high and the effect of regression is remarkable.     

太平洋鳕IRF3 基因的克隆及绝对定量表达分析

本研究通过克隆首次得到太平洋鳕(Gadus macrocephalus)干扰素调节因子3(interferon regulatory factor 3,IRF3)的部分序列。该序列长1878 bp,包含长1377 bp的完整开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF),编码459个氨基酸,其编码的蛋白质分子量约为51 k D。经氨基酸序列比对发现,太平洋鳕IRF3的氨基酸序列包括1个含有5个保守色氨酸残基的DNA结合域(DNA binding domain,DBD)和1个保守的C端IRF关联域(IRF association domain,IAD);系统进化树分析表明,太平洋鳕IRF3与其他物种的IRF3亲缘关系较近。应用绝对荧光定量PCR方法对IRF3在不同组织和不同日龄(days post-hatching,dph)仔鱼的表达水平进行检测,并对干扰素在仔鱼期的免疫作用进行分析。组织表达绝对定量结果显示,性腺,肝和胸腺表达量高于其他组织。不同日龄仔鱼IRF3表达量结果显示,IRF3在受精卵就已经表达,在25 dph表达量大幅提高。本研究的结果为进一步研究太平洋鳕干扰素作用机制以及其在早期发育中的作用奠定了基础。     

仿形滑刀式开沟器设计与试验

为了改善种床质量、提高播种分布直线性及播深一致性,通过"V"形种沟成因分析,设计了一种适用于大豆垄上双行种植模式的仿形滑刀式开沟器。该开沟器具有滑刀和仿形压土轮机构,可实现开沟、压沟和仿形功能,进而构建底部紧实、覆盖土壤松软的优良种床。通过土槽试验,以回土量为指标,采用响应面优化法分析得出最优参数组合,即载荷大小为689.66 N,开沟角度为40.43°,前进速度为2.12 m/s,开沟深度为51.62 mm。在最优工况下进行田间验对比试验,仿形滑刀式开沟器、双V型筑沟器、圆盘开沟器的横向偏移离散度分别为4.42、4.34、6.55,播深变异系数分别为6.06%、6.80%、11.52%,在50~75 mm土层开沟镇压后土壤紧实度分别为0.261、0.248、0.165 MPa,仿形滑刀式开沟器作业效果优于双V型筑沟器和圆盘开沟器,可以提高种床质量和播深一致性,且使种床紧实,利于种子出苗。     

Lipopeptide Epimers and a Phthalide Glycerol Ether with AChE Inhibitory Activities from the Marine-Derived Fungus Cochliobolus Lunatus SCSIO41401

A pair of novel lipopeptide epimers, sinulariapeptides A (1) and B (2), and a new phthalide glycerol ether (3) were isolated from the marine algal-associated fungus Cochliobolus lunatus SCSIO41401, together with three known chromanone derivates (4–6). The structures of the new compounds, including the absolute configurations, were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic methods, experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD), and Mo₂ (OAc)₄-induced ECD methods. The new compounds 1–3 showed moderate inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), with IC₅₀ values of 1.3–2.5 μM, and an in silico molecular docking study was also performed.     

Sesquiterpenoids from the Mangrove-Derived Aspergillus ustus 094102

Four new drimane sesquiterpenoids (1–4) and three known ones (5–7) were isolated from the fermentation broth of the mangrove-derived Aspergillus ustus 094102. Compound 5 was further resolved as four purified compounds 5a–5d. By means of extensive spectroscopic and ECD analysis as well as the chemical transformation, their structures were identified as (2R,3R,5S,9R,10S)-2,3,9,11-tetrahydroxydrim-7-en-6-one (ustusol F, 1), (2R,3R,5R,9S,10R)-2,3,11-trihydroxydrim-7-en-6-one (9-deoxyustusol F, 2), (3S,5R,9R,10R)-3,11,12-trihydroxydrim-7-en-6-one (ustusol G, 3), (5S,6R,9S,10S, 11R,2′E,4′E)-(11-dideoxy-11-hydroxystrobilactone A-6-yl)-5-carboxypenta-2,4-dienoate (ustusolate H, 4), ((5S,6R,9S,10S)-strobilactone A-6-yl) (2E,4E)-6,7-dihydroxyocta-2,4-dienoate (ustusolate I, 5), (2′E,4′E;6′,7′-erythro)-ustusolate I (5a) and (2′E,4′E;ent-6′,7′-erythro)-ustusolate I (5b), (2′E,4′E,6′R,7′R)-ustusolate I (5c) and (2′E,4′E,6′S,7′S)-ustusolate I (5d), (5S,6R,9S,10S,2′E,4′E)-(strobilactone A-6-yl)-5-carboxypenta-2,4-dienoate (ustusolate J, 6), and (2S,5S,9R,10S)-2,9,11-trihydroxydrim-7-en-6-one (ustusol B, 7), respectively. Compound 5 showed antiproliferation against the human tumor cells CAL-62 and MG-63 with the IC₅₀ values of 16.3 and 10.1 µM, respectively.     

高寒草甸不同植被功能群盖度对模拟气候变化的初期响应

为进一步研究高寒生态系统植被群落对气候变化响应方式和适应机理,我们在青藏高原东北祁连山南坡,沿海拔梯度对嵩草(Kobresia bellardii)草甸、灌丛草甸、杂草草甸和稀疏植被4种植被类型进行双向移栽实验,以期获得高寒草甸植被群落较为详尽而真实的响应特征。4个功能群(莎草类、禾本类、豆科类和杂草类)绝对盖度的方差分析结果表明:高寒草甸生态系统植被群落对气候变化较为敏感。莎草类植被盖度与土壤含水量线性负相关,在3600 m处最大。禾本类和豆科类分别与土壤含水量和气温线性正相关,两者在3200 m处最为适宜。海拔与杂草类盖度的二次方程可解释其63%的变异。莎草类与禾本类、豆科类植被盖度存在较弱的补偿作用,而禾本类与豆科类之间具有显著的补充作用。对比80年代的植被盖度,嵩草草甸优势种对模拟降温的响应暗示其稳定性较高。