The metabolism of R-20458 [(E)-6,7-epoxy-1-(4-ethylphenoxy)-3,7-dimethyl-2-octene] in rat hepatocyte suspensions

The metabolism of R-20458 [(E)-6,7-epoxy-1-(4-ethylphenoxy)-3,7-dimethyl-2-octene] by rat hepatocytes has been analyzed and compared with that of juvenile hormone I [methyl-(E,E)-cis-10,11-epoxy-7-ethyl-3,11-dimethyl-2,6-tridecadienoate] under identical conditions. The metabolism of R-20458 is characterized by the predominance of NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 and epoxide hydrolase reactions; whereas, JH I is metabolized mainly by carboxylesterase, epoxide hydrolase, and glutathione S-transferases. The metabolites of R-20458 have been shown to correspond to (E)-6,7-epoxy-1-(4-hydroxyethylphenoxy)-3,7-dimethyl-2-octene; (E)-6,7-epoxy-1-(4-acetylphenoxy)-3,7-dimethyl-2-octene; (E)-6,7-dihydroxy-1-(4-ethylphenoxy)-3,7-dimethyl-2-octene; and, (E)-6,7-dihydroxy-1-(4-acetylphenoxy)-3,7-dimethyl-2-octene. The production of the α-hydroxyethyl, p-acetylphenoxy, and acetylphenoxy-6,7-diol metabolites is markedly inhibited by SKF 525-A. No dramatic effects are produced by diethylmaleate and 1,2-epoxy-3,3,3-trichloropropane.     

The effect of some Frescon analogs on the aquatic snail,Lymnaea stagnalis: II. Correlation of neurotoxicity to Molluscicidal effectiveness

Although the molluscicide Frescon is a strong neurotoxin to the Lymnaea stagnalis central nervous system in vitro, it is probable that the exposure of the whole animal to this molluscicide fails to result in central nervous system abnormalities: Frescon does not appear to reach the brain in sufficient quantity to disrupt its normal activity. However, only those Frescon analogs found to be neurotoxic were molluscicidal, suggesting some related mode, if not site, of action. Frescon and its analogs may act by affecting excitable tissues other than the nervous system (e.g., the snail musculature) by altering certain functional and/or structural membrane properties.     

Effects of chlordimeform on mitochondria from eggs of Spodoptera littoralis

Mitochondria were isolated from eggs of Spodoptera littoralis. With succinate (+pyruvate) as substrate, respiratory control ratios between 1.70 and 2.54 were obtained. Uncouplers and the energy transfer inhibitor oligomycin influenced these mitochondria in the well-known manner. The uncoupling activity of chlordimeform in vitro was very weak and decreased with increasing age of the eggs. Electron transport in mitochondria from chlordimeform-treated eggs was not uncoupled. Therefore, it is concluded that the ovicidal effect of this pesticide is not due to its uncoupling effect.     

The effect of phosphine on the absorption and circular dichroic spectra of cytochrome c and cytochrome oxidase

The interaction of phosphine with purified cytochrome c and cytochrome oxidase was studied by absorption and circular dichroic spectrometry. Treatment of cytochrome oxidase with phosphine yielded absorption spectra in both the visible and Soret region that were similar to that produced by dithionite. Striking changes in the circular dichroic spectra were also recorded, sugesting that a valence change of the heme iron was accompanied by a conformation change of the prosthetic group.Phosphine treatment of cytochrome c also yielded spectra similar to those produced by reduction with dithionite suggesting a valence change of the heme iron. However, both the time necessary for complete reduction and the concentration of phosphine necessary for this effect suggest that, in comparison with cytochrome oxidase, cytochrome c was relatively insensitive. Reduction of cytochrome oxidase by phosphine had only a very minor effect on the intrinsic dichroic spectrum suggesting little effect on the polypeptide chains.The persistence of a component after reduction by phosphine and the subsequent reduction of this component by dithionite suggests that phosphine primarily reduced only one comonent of the cytochrome aa₃ complex. The failure of EDTA and fluoride, which are known ligands of cytochrome a₃ to affect the reduction of cytochrome aa₃ by phosphine, as well as the occurrence of a 436-nm isosbestic point of the ferric-ferrous absorption spectra suggests that phosphine reduced primarily cytochrome a. However, it is argued that a slow reduction of cytochrome a₃ cannot be ruled out.     

新疆退牧还草工程建设与管理的探讨

草地是发展畜牧业的重要基础,退牧还草工程是恢复、更新天然草地和保护生态环境的重要手段。本文就新疆实施退牧还草工程中所出现的一些问题进行了探讨。     

早熟春甘蓝新品种春冠的选育

春冠亲本之一493是将国外引进的资源96011、9502杂交后，经系统选育，采用露地越冬栽培加大耐先期抽薹性的选择强度选育出的自交不亲和系。另一亲本711是从国外引进的资源B-21经多代自交选育出的自交不亲和系。该品种耐寒，露地越冬不易先期抽薹，早熟，叶球尖桃形，肉质脆嫩，品质佳。单球质量1.5kg左右，每667m^2产量3500kg左右。在南方地区可露地越冬栽培，已在长江流域示范推广。     

Prediction of breeding values for osseous fragments in fetlock and hock joints, deforming arthropathy in hock joints, and pathologic changes in the navicular bones of Hanoverian Warmblood horses

The results of a standardised radiological examination of 5928 Hanoverian Warmblood horses selected for sale at auction were used to predict relative breeding values (RBV) in the 23,662 horses included in the last four generations of the probands' pedigrees. The distribution of the RBV was investigated in the whole four-generation pedigree, in the probands and in those stallions that contributed at least three offspring to the probands. The RBV of the probands' sires were further compared with the officially published performance-based relative breeding values, i.e., total indices dressage (TID) and jumping (TIJ). The sires' level of dressage indices was considerably higher (mean TID=110) than of the jumping indices (mean TIJ=98). Total indices radiographic findings (TIR) were calculated for the sires with varying weighting given to the individual RBV. In each case, this resulted in a mean TIR of 99. Finally, total indices were derived from TIR and TID and/or TIJ in order to develop different selection schemes for all-purpose breeding and for breeding focused on dressage and show jumping. All breeding values under consideration increased by between 1% and 19% when radiographic findings were weighted with between 30% and 60% complementary to the corresponding performance parameters, and when only sires were selected with above average total indices. At the same time, the prevalences of the radiographic findings investigated here were lowered by up to 10% each. When only one radiographic finding was considered at a time, the maximum attainable response to selection was a 16-23% increase in the relative breeding values and a relative decrease in prevalences of radiographic findings of between 31% and 52%. The results of this study indicate that it is possible in horse breeding to consider simultaneously health and performance traits. Medical data should be included in the prediction of breeding values in order to improve the radiological status of today's riding horses.     

黄瓜低温弱光耐受性机理及其应用研究的主要进展

选择低温弱光抗性水平不同的欧洲温室型、欧亚杂交型、华北温室型、华北露地型黄瓜(Cucumis sati- vus L.)的16个品种为试验材料,以光合代谢为切入点,开展苗期光合速率、光补偿点、1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶 (rubisco)活性和叶绿素a荧光动力学曲线的系统研究,结果表明:单一偏低温和偏低温弱光协效应未明显伤害光合系统,而临界低温可能伤及PSⅡ;偏低温和弱光组合时,弱光对黄瓜幼苗的影响起主导作用,弱光与临界低温组合时,临界低温起主导作用;偏低温弱光(单一弱光)下的叶面积增长量和临界低温下的冷害指数可分别作为评价黄瓜对偏低温弱光(单一弱光)耐受性和临界低温耐受性的比较稳定可靠的指标,据此设计了相关的评价指标体系。用117个重组自交系为材料,以弱光下叶面积增长量为指标进行弱光耐受性评价并以RAPD、AFLP、SSR分子图谱为基础,通过区间作图,检测到5个与黄瓜弱光耐受性有关的QTLs。采用mRNA差异显示银染技术克隆得到黄瓜冷敏型品种津研4号低温锻炼中特异表达基因的cDNA克隆(ccr18),其大小为639 bp。在基因组中以单拷贝或低拷贝形式存在。序列同源性比较表明它与拟南芥[Arabidopsis thaliana(L．)Heynh．]染色体ⅣBAC库中的 F14P3基因组序列具有88％的同源性。     

松口蘑的研究进展

详细论述了松口蘑的生物学特性、栽培技术及液体深层发酵技术，并探讨了过氧化物酶和酯酶同工酶技术、原生质体技术、基因工程技术与DNA指纹技术在松口蘑研究中的应用及发展趋势。     

鹅副粘病毒病的研究进展

鹅副粘病毒病是近年来引起各种年龄鹅发病并致死的一种烈性传染病。目前，本病在我国许多省市流行，具有很高的发病率和死亡率。本文从临床症状、病理变化、病毒的组织嗜性、生物学特性和分子生物学性状等方面对鹅副粘病毒病作一综述。