吡虫啉、阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯亚致死剂量对绿色型豌豆蚜发育及繁殖的影响

为了了解吡虫啉,阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯不同亚致死剂量对绿色型豌豆蚜实验种群参数的影响,阐明绿色型豌豆蚜发育及繁殖与亚致死剂量的关系,并为豌豆蚜的综合防治提供理论依据。在22~24℃,光照周期L∶D=16 h∶8 h,相对湿度(RH)70%~80%条件下,采用带虫浸叶法确定吡虫啉,阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯对绿色型豌豆蚜的亚致死剂量,通过叶碟饲养,记录其发育历期、产蚜量和寿命。结果表明,吡虫啉,阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯LC₂₀、LC₁₀分别处理成蚜后,成蚜平均寿命和平均产蚜量均显著低于对照(P<0.05),其中阿维菌素LC₂₀处理平均寿命最短为3.34 d,高效氯氰菊酯LC₂₀处理平均产蚜量最低为14.30头;F₁代除3龄历期无显著差异外(P>0.05),其余各龄期历期变化规律不明显,但成虫期、存活率、平均产蚜量、净增殖率及平均世代周期均表现为LC₁₀大于LC₂₀,在阿维菌素LC₁₀下,F₁代成蚜寿命、成蚜平均产蚜量、净增殖率及平均世代周期达到最大值且均大于对照,分别为9.76,77.76,65.32,12.41。表明吡虫啉,阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯不同亚致死剂量处理成蚜后,对其寿命和繁殖力均起到抑制作用,但对F₁代影响表现为大部分生物学参数随亚致死剂量降低而升高。     

Assessment of the long‐acting ivermectin formulation in sheep: Further insight into potential pharmacokinetic interactions

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the in vivo pharmacokinetic of ivermectin (IVM) after the administration of a long‐acting (LA) formulation to sheep and its impact on potential drug‐drug interactions. The work included the evaluation of the comparative plasma profiles of IVM administered at a single therapeutic dose (200 μg/kg) and as LA formulation at 630 μg/kg. Additionally, IVM was measured in different gastrointestinal tissues at 15 days posttreatment with both IVM formulations. The impact of the long‐lasting and enhanced IVM exposure on the disposition kinetics of abamectin (ABM) was also assessed. Plasma (IVM and ABM) and gastrointestinal (IVM) concentrations were analyzed by HPLC with fluorescent detection. In plasma, the calculated C_max and AUC_0‐t values of the IVM‐LA formulation were 1.47‐ and 3.35‐fold higher compared with IVM 1% formulation, respectively. The T_1/2ab and T_max collected after administration of the LA formulation were 2‐ and 3.5‐fold longer than those observed after administration of IVM 1% formulation, respectively. Significantly higher IVM concentrations were measured in the intestine mucosal tissues and luminal contents with the LA formulation, and in the liver, the increase was 7‐fold higher than conventional formulation. There was no drug interaction between IVM and ABM after the single administration of ABM at 15 days post‐administration of the IVM LA formulation. The characterization of the kinetic behavior of the LA formulation to sheep and its potential influence on drug‐drug interactions is a further contribution to the field.     

两种纳米农药及其原药对亚洲柑橘木虱的毒力比较

亚洲柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri Kuwayama是黄龙病的传播媒介,快速、高效地防治媒介昆虫是黄龙病综合防治最重要的技术措施。纳米农药不但能够提高药效、降低化学农药用量,而且提高使用安全性和生物利用度。为了明确纳米农药对亚洲柑橘木虱的防治效果,本实验选用纳米阿维菌素水悬浮剂、纳米阿维.吡虫啉水悬浮剂及其对应原药进行毒力测定,并比较同质量浓度下的杀虫效果,结果表明：1、两种纳米农药的毒力均高于对应原药,其中纳米阿维.吡虫啉水悬浮剂的毒力最强,其处理后第三天LC₅₀为0.0054mg/L,LC₉₅为2.1019mg/L;2、处理后48h、72h相比于24h,纳米阿维.吡虫啉在同质量浓度,死亡率的上升幅度极大,1.25-20 mg/L在72h时导致的死亡率达93%-100%,与200 mg/L无显著差异,而原药随时间推移死亡率虽有所上升,但幅度较小;3、纳米阿维菌素及其原药在处理后3-4d才开始出现死亡,虽然起初纳米阿维菌素防效不及原药,但在随后3d提效速度较快,并在防效上也超过原药;4、阿维.吡虫啉与阿维菌素相比,无论是纳米农药还是原药,其发挥药效较快,而且杀虫效果较好。     

Reduced efficacy of ivermectin, abamectin and moxidectin against field isolates of Haemonchus contortus

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the reduced efficacy of ivermectin, abamectin and moxidectin against two field isolates of Haemonchus contortus. These isolates were identified on separate properties in the New England region of New South Wales. PROCEDURE: Reduced efficacy of macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics against two field isolates of H contortus was suspected. These isolates were obtained from sheep on separate farms and pen trials were performed to investigate the efficacy of macrocyclic lactones. The percentage efficacy was calculated for moxidectin, ivermectin and closantel against the isolate from one farm (VHR23) and for moxidectin, ivermectin and abamectin against the isolate from the second (VHR29). The persistent activity of moxidectin against both isolates was investigated. RESULTS: Ivermectin and closantel were found to have efficacies below 80% against established populations of VHR23. Moxidectin was effective against an established population of VHR23 but the persistent activity was reduced to 7 days. Moxidectin was also found to be effective against established populations of VHR29, however, ivermectin and abamectin were found to have efficacies below 80%. There was no evidence of persistent activity of moxidectin against VHR29. CONCLUSION: A reduction in efficacy of abamectin and/or ivermectin against field isolates of H. contortus was identified from two farms in the New England region of New South Wales. The persistent effect of moxidectin was reduced against both isolates.     

联苯肼酯与2种杀螨剂复配对柑橘全爪螨的联合毒力

柑橘全爪螨是一种世界性害螨, 目前对许多药剂已经产生抗性。药剂复配是治理抗性问题, 延长药剂使用寿命的重要手段。为筛选出增效明显的复配新产品, 本文选取联苯肼酯作为标准药剂, 与阿维菌素和氟啶胺分别进行复配, 并采用叶碟喷雾法测定其联合毒力及增效作用。结果表明, 联苯肼酯、阿维菌素和氟啶胺的单剂LC50分别为16.43、0.29 mg/L和12.63 mg/L。联苯肼酯与阿维菌素复配比例为19∶1和15∶5的共毒系数分别为135.02和158.40, 具有增效作用。联苯肼酯与氟啶胺在6∶4、7∶3、5∶5、9∶1、8∶2复配比例的共毒系数分别为466.28、410.61、370.22、311.15和275.85, 增效作用显著。     

17种阿维菌素混剂对柑桔红蜘蛛的田间防治效果

摘 要：为进一步明确现有阿维菌素与其它杀螨剂的混剂对柑桔红蜘蛛的效果。2009年,在大田中,以喷雾施药法对17种阿维菌素混配剂进行了防治柑桔红蜘蛛的田间试验。结果表明：用药后3d,对柑桔红蜘蛛控制效果≥90%的品种有14种;用药后10d,控制效果≥90%的品种有12种;速效最好的是10%阿维菌素?哒螨灵EW,用药后1d,防治效果达97%以上;持效期最长的是25%阿维菌素?苯丁锡WP,用药后30d,防治效果仍达86%以上。可以认为,阿维菌素与其它杀螨剂合理的混配,将是今后控制柑桔红蜘蛛为害的最为经济有效品种。     

阿维菌素3种剂型的光解研究

以太阳光为光源,利用玻片药膜法和高效液相色谱法研究浓度、水质硬度、pH和共存离子等因子对阿维菌素乳油、水乳剂和微乳剂3种液体剂型光解的影响。结果表明：3种阿维菌素液体剂型光解率随光照时间延长而逐渐增大。在试验初始浓度范围内,3种阿维菌素制剂光解均符合一级动力学方程,且与药液浓度呈负相关。在不同浓度、pH、共存离子条件下,阿维菌素的光解速率均表现为乳油〉水乳剂〉微乳剂,pH对单一剂型光解有较大影响,而共存离子对其影响作用较小。在不同浓度硬水条件下则表现为随水质硬度增加,微乳剂半衰期减少,水乳剂和乳油略微增大,在蒸馏水下的半衰期为微乳剂〉水乳剂〉乳油,而在684mg·L-1硬水时半衰期为水乳剂〉微乳剂≈乳油。相比于乳油,微乳剂和水乳剂光解速率较慢,可以有效延长阿维菌素持效期,进一步提高阿维菌素在田间的应用效果。     

1％阿维·鱼藤新型乳油防治柑橘红蜘蛛田间药效试验

采用1％阿维·鱼藤新型乳油对柑橘红蜘蛛进行田间药效试验。结果表明,1％阿维·鱼藤新型乳油500、1000和1500倍液3个处理对活动螨态均具优异的杀灭效果,药后1d,500倍液处理组防效显著高于对照药剂200阿维·哒3000倍液处理,二者各为99．70%±0．30％和93．64%±2.29％;药后5d,1％阿维·鱼藤新型乳油500、1000和1500倍液3个处理对活动螨态的防效与对照药剂相当,4者防效均高达94．72％以上。此外,1％阿维·鱼藤新型乳油1500、1000和500倍3个处理均对柑橘红蜘蛛螨卵具一定的杀卵效果,其中500倍处理组的杀卵作用较好,校正杀卵率达80．59%±2．51％。     

阿维菌素·吡虫啉复配剂对菜蚜的室内毒力与田间防效

室内毒力测定结果显示,阿维菌素与吡虫啉等量复配对菜蚜(Lipaphiserysimi(Kaltenbach))的毒力指数分别为阿维菌素的1.6倍和吡虫啉的4.9倍,共毒系数达244.38,具有明显的增效作用。田间小区试验表明,使用1%阿·吡悬浮剂1000、2000、3000倍液防治菜蚜,药后7d的防效分别为98.79%、96.63%、94.31%。     

甘薯茎线虫病防治技术初探

将带有甘薯茎线虫病的病薯完全粉碎后接种土壤,薯苗栽植时一部分处理用辛硫磷500倍、800倍浸根,一部分处理采用生物制剂阿维菌素3 000倍、5 000倍液浇窝,不施药用清水浇窝作为对照,进行甘薯茎线虫病防治试验。结果表明：辛硫磷800倍浸根处理能有效的防治甘薯茎线虫病,薯块发病指数低于其他处理,防治效果高于其它处理。阿维菌素3 000倍处理作为高效低毒的生物制剂农药也可以应用到甘薯茎线虫病的防治上。