叶面喷施微肥对冬小麦产量和品质的影响

为给小麦高产优质栽培中微肥施用提供参考,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料,研究了叶面喷施锌、铁、硒3种微肥对小麦产量、籽粒锌、铁、硒和蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明,3种微肥中只有喷硒增产作用显著(P<0.05),但喷锌、铁、硒分别显著增加了千粒重、穗数和穗粒数。3种微肥均能明显提高籽粒中相应的微量元素含量,但对籽粒蛋白质含量影响均不显著。     

弹簧垫圈断裂原因分析

通过宏观检验观察、化学成分分析、硬度测试、金相检验和断口分析等方法对弹簧垫圈的断裂原因进行分析。结果表明:该弹簧垫圈热处理时产生淬火裂纹,镀锌时氢原子在裂纹尖端偏聚,这两种因素的共同作用导致弹簧垫圈在装配预紧过程中发生脆性断裂。     

Evaluation of selected metal nanoparticles on hatching and survival of larvae and fry of Indian major carp,rohu (Labeo rohita)

Different laboratory synthesized metal nanoparticles viz. Copper oxide (CuO), Zinc oxide (ZnO) and silver doped titanium dioxide (Ag‐TiO₂) were studied for their effect on hatching and survival of larvae and fry of Indian major carp, rohu, Labeo rohita both in direct application in tank water & coated onto tanks. Among these nanoparticles, CuO and ZnO nanoparticles exhibited highest percentage of hatching in both direct addition (78.0 ± 3.1% and 78.05 ± 4.2%, respectively) and coating onto tanks (58.6 ± 2.1% and 61.2 ± 2.7%, respectively) at 1 mg mL^?1 while least percentage of hatching was recorded in Ag‐TiO₂ nanoparticles irrespective of its concentration & mode of supplementation. Highest survival of L. rohita fry (50.13 ± 2.2%) was observed after 15 days post hatching in CuO coated tanks followed by ZnO coated tanks (38.6 ± 2.8%) while least was recorded in Ag‐TiO₂ coated tanks (22.53 ± 3.0%). However in control tanks coated with Poly‐Urethane base with hardener and uncoated control tanks, the survival was 42.4 ± 1.2% and 41.36 ± 1.8% respectively. Further, significantly lower microbial load of water was recorded in CuO nanoparticles coated tanks (1.5 × 10¹⁰ CFU L^?1) as compared to uncoated control tanks (1.1 × 10¹⁶ CFU L^?1) without affecting water quality parameters. On the other hand, in Ag‐TiO₂ coated tanks, significantly lower microbial load (1.0 × 10⁶ CFU L^?1) as compared to uncoated control tanks at 15 days post hatching was recorded. However, Ag‐TiO₂ was toxic to L. rohita larvae & fry both in direct application and coating onto tanks. Considering the beneficial effects of CuO nanoparticle application, it has the scope of being used in a more eco‐friendly way in hatchery operations.     

Estimation of critical limit for zinc in rice soils

Abstract

Twenty surface soil samples wore collectod from Nalnltal Tarai (foot‐ hills of Himalya) where ‘Khaira’ disease (Zn deficiency disease of rice) was prevalent. Rice (Oryza sativa L. variety IR ‐ 8) was grown in pots for 8 weeks after transplanting. Experiments were carried out to find the suitability of five soil Zn extractants viz. dilute acid (HC1 ‐ H₂SO₄) mixture, DTPA‐ (NH₄) ₂CO₃, pH 7.3, dithizono, NH₄ ‐ Ac, pH 4.6 and MgCl₂. Critical limits of available Zn in soils were established for rice crop by old and new Cate and Nelson procedures.

Zn extracted from the soil with NH₄ ‐ Ac, pH 4.6, dithlzono, MgCl₂, and DTPA‐(NH₄) ₂CO₃, pH 7.3 was significantly correlated with the uptake of Zn by the rice plants. The correlation of Zn uptake with dilute acid mixture extractable Zn was not significant. The extractant which extracted more Zn gave higher values of critical limit and vice versa. It is concluded that all extracting solutions except dilute acid mixture were found to be suitable for predicting available Zn in rice soils of Taral.     

Assessment of pearl millet vs rice based diets for bioavailability of four trace metals

Cereals including millets are consumed in India as a staple with wide variety of pulses and vegetables in varying proportions. Trace mineral contents of pearl millet are two to ten times higher than that of rice. Comparative performance of pearl millet based (PM) diets as against rice based (RB) diets in terms of trace mineral bioavailability was studied, based on the prevailing dietary patterns in India. In vitro percent dialysability of zinc, iron, copper and manganese under simulated gastrointestinal conditions was considered as indicator of metal bioavailability. Dialysable zinc and iron were estimated using 65 Zn and 59 Fe as tracers, while dialysable copper and manganese were measured by Atomic absorption spectrophotometer for 20 food items and 15 RB and 17 PM diets prepared from these items. Results indicated that percent dialysability of zinc and copper was higher for RB diets than PM diets, while that of iron and manganese were comparable. Total dialysable iron, copper and manganese in PM diet was 2 to 4 times higher than RB diet.     

野生二粒小麦及其后代富含微量营养元素种质资源的筛选鉴定

由于主要粮食作物中微量营养元素(特别是Zn 和Fe)的缺乏导致全世界范围内的人类微量营养元素缺乏症。野生二粒小麦(Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides)是提高小麦籽粒Zn、Fe、蛋白质含量及改良小麦其他性状的重要种质资源。本研究以4 份野生二粒小麦及32 份野生二粒小麦与普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)杂交后代为材料, 进行籽粒中富含Zn、Fe 和蛋白质种质资源的筛选和鉴定。野生二粒小麦的后代材料表现出广泛的遗传变异。籽粒Zn、Fe 含量和蛋白质含量之间均呈极显著正相关关系, 说明这些性状能够通过育种方式达到共同提高的目的。试验共筛选到17 份Zn、Fe 和蛋白质含量均显著高于对照品种"石4185"的材料, 说明将来自野生二粒小麦的外源基因导入到普通小麦是提高小麦籽粒Zn、Fe 和蛋白质含量的有效途径。其中5份野生二粒小麦与普通小麦的杂交后代表现出较高籽粒Zn、Fe 和蛋白质含量的同时, 也具有较高的产量和优良的农艺性状。这些材料的获得为小麦生物强化育种提供了重要的物质基础。     

锌与氮磷平衡施用对大麦营养效应的研究

采用氮、磷、锌3因素5水平最优回归设计,在田间条件下探讨了钙质紫色土中氮、磷、锌对大麦量产及肥效的影响。结果表明,当施氮量在75kg/ha以下时,不必施用锌肥;氮用量超过75kg/ha时,施锌能较大度幅地提高大麦产量。锌在平衡氮、磷养分中起着重要作用,锌与氮、磷间对大麦产量存在较大的正连应。在每公顷施75—112.5N、60—120公斤P_2O_5、30～75公斤ZnSO_4·7H_2O的最优施肥方案下,可获得3225kg/ha以上的产量,且大麦品质良好,肥料利用率较高。     

短期高锌饲粮对蛋黄中锌含量及母鸡产蛋性能的影响

本试验采用典型饲料配方，以氧化锌形式补充锌及适量稳定剂，观察短期（３０ｄ）饲喂高锌饲料及稳定剂对母鸡产蛋性能及蛋黄中锌会含量的影响．试验结果表明．饲粮中添加２０００ｍｇ／ｋｇ的锌及适量稳定剂后，可使蛋黄中锌含量提高４５．３３％－４６．９８％，采食量不受影响，但饲料转化率、产蛋成绩下降；饲粮中添加１０００ｍｍｇ／ｋｇ锌时，可使蛋黄锌含量提高３１．９６％－３４．２２．．且对母鸡的饲料转化率和产蛋成绩无不良影响．改喂基础日粮１２天后，产蛋率基本恢复到正常水平．     

土壤有机结合态锌的分级及其活性的研究

用 pH9.5 0.1mol/L Na_4P_2O_7和 H_2O_2有效地将土壤有机态锌区分为松结有机态及紧结有机态。松结有机态对负荷水平、培养时间及土壤 pH 等环境因子的反应较紧结有机态更为敏感;同时松结有机态锌对活性锌的贡献远远大于后者。土壤中松结有机态锌与紧结有机态锌的相互转化是直接影响土壤锌的营养供应或污染致毒程度的重要缓冲体系之一。     

Soybean response to iron‐deficiency stress as related to iron supply in the growth medium

The Fe‐inefficient T203 and the Fe‐efficient A7 and Pioneer 1082 (P1082) soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were grown hydroponically with no (0 mg Fe L^‐1 ; ‐Fe) and a minute level (0.025 mg Fe L^‐1 ; +Fe) of Fe to (a) compare their responses to Fe‐deficiency stress and (b) relate Fe‐efficiency in soybeans to their ability to initiate the Fe‐stress‐response mechanism at low levels of Fe. With no Fe in solution, P1082 released similar levels of H⁺ ions, but released less reductant from their roots and there was less reduction of Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺ by their roots than by A7 roots. These responses were also one day later and occurred after a more severe chlorosis and a lower leaf Fe had developed in P1082 than in A7. With 0.025 mg L^‐1 of solution Fe, it was not necessary for the Fe‐stress response mechanism to be fully activated to make Fe available in A7 soybean, whereas a strongly enhanced Fe stress response was observed in P1082. Increased Fe uptake and regreening of leaves immediately succeeded initiation of the Fe stress response in both cultivars and at both levels of Fe. Thus, P1082 was slightly less efficient than A7 soybean, but would be classed more efficient than the previously studied soybean cultivars A2, Hawkeye, Bragg, Pride, Anoka, and T203. These results support the hypothesis that the most efficient soybeans are those which can initiate the Fe‐stress response mechanism with little or no Fe in the growth medium. The near simultaneous occurrence of the factors in the Fe‐stress response mechanism (H ion and reductant release, reduction of Fe to Fe by roots), and the immediate increase in leaf Fe and chorophyll contents following that response suggest that all these factors act in concert, not independently, to aid in the absorption and transport of Fe to plant tops.