巴西橡胶树萌动芽种植材料芽长最优选择的理论研究

本文以幂函数方程,统计分析橡胶树萌动芽种植材料的不同芽长与持水力的关系。首次揭示了在芽长约1厘米处存在明显“拐点”,即芽长1厘米以下,其持水力锐减,而芽长大于1厘米的,持水力明显趋于平稳提高。并且芽持水力的大小与定植成活率的高低也相一致。不同长度芽持水力差异的特点,是与细胞中渗透活性物质的含量不等有关。芽长1厘米以上,糖和水溶性蛋白含量继续提高,而氨基酸含量则下降,这可能是“拐点”形成的内部生理原因。     

茶皂甙的提取工艺及天然茶果香波的研制

[目的]研究从茶籽饼粕中提取茶皂苷的最佳工艺,并以茶皂苷为主要功能成分研制天然茶果香波。[方法]采用正交试验设计确定茶皂苷最佳提取工艺中的乙醇浓度、提取温度和提取时间;采用灌注法测定茶皂苷对浅部真菌的抑制作用;采用动物急性皮肤刺激性试验和人体斑贴试验测定天然茶果香波的刺激性和致敏性;按照国家标准GB11432-89检测天然茶果香波的产品质量。[结果]茶皂苷提取最佳工艺为：50%（V/V）乙醇于55℃下浸提5.3 h,所得浸膏中茶皂甙的含量为20.86%;此茶皂甙对人体浅部真菌有明显的杀灭和抑制作用;以茶皂苷浸膏为原料配制的茶果香波对正常人体皮肤无刺激性和致敏性;其理化指标均已达到GB11432-89标准。[结论]以茶皂苷为主要原料配制的天然茶果香波安全可靠,质量稳定,去屑止痒效果好。     

间作木薯对橡胶树根际土壤真菌群落结构的影响

研究间作木薯对橡胶树根际土壤真菌群落多样性变化规律,为判断胶园间作木薯的可行性提供理论支撑。以橡胶与木薯间作为处理,橡胶单作为对照,采用传统方法和高通量测序技术分析橡胶树根际土壤理化性状及真菌群落结构。结果表明：（1）间作模式下橡胶树根际土壤的碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质含量和真菌Shannon指数显著降低,真菌Simpson指数显著提高,pH和Chao1指数虽有降低,但差异未达到显著水平;（2）门分类水平上,2个处理的橡胶树根际土壤真菌群落结构组成相近,共有的3大优势菌门均为Ascomycota、Zygomycota和Basidiomycota。间作木薯降低了橡胶树根际土壤中Zygomycota和Basidiomycota的相对丰度,但提高了Ascomycota相对丰度,达到91.54%;（3）属分类水平上,2个处理中相对丰度比例前10的优势菌属占所有检测出菌属的61.30%~65.59%,间作木薯提高了橡胶根际土壤中Phyllosticta、Gibberella和Lecythophora的相对丰度;（4）土壤碱解N、速效P和速效K含量对橡胶树根际土壤中真菌群落α-多样性产生影响,土壤真菌多样性变化与土壤有机质含量有关。因此,间作木薯增加了植物对土壤矿质营养元素的吸收,导致橡胶树根际土壤肥力下降,进一步降低了橡胶树根际土壤真菌的群落多样性,同时增加了病原真菌的丰度。     

Microbial composition and diversity of an upland red soil under long-term fertilization treatments as revealed by culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches

Background, aim, and scope  Fertilization is an important agricultural practice for increasing crop yields. In order to maintain the soil sustainability, it is important to monitor the effects of fertilizer applications on the shifts of soil microorganisms, which control the cycling of many nutrients in the soil. Here, culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches were used to analyze the soil bacterial and fungal quantities and community structure under seven fertilization treatments, including Control, Manure, Return (harvested peanut straw was returned to the plot), and chemical fertilizers of NPK, NP, NK, and PK. The objective of this study was to examine the effects on soil microbial composition and diversity of long-term organic and chemical fertilizer regimes in a Chinese upland red soil. Materials and methods  Soil samples were collected from a long-term experiment station at Yingtan (28°15′N, 116°55′E), Jiangxi Province of China. The soil samples (0–20 cm) from four individual plots per treatment were collected. The total numbers of culturable bacteria and fungi were determined as colony forming units (CFUs) and selected colonies were identified on agar plates by dilution plate methods. Moreover, soil DNAs were extracted and bacterial 16S rRNA genes and fungal 18S rRNA genes were polymerase chain reaction amplified, and then analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), cloning, and sequencing. Results  The organic fertilizers, especially manure, induced the least culturable bacterial CFUs, but the highest bacterial diversity ascertained by DGGE banding patterns. Chemical fertilizers, on the other hand, had less effect on the bacterial composition and diversity, with the NK treatment having the lowest CFUs. For the fungal community, the manure treatment had the largest CFUs but much fewer DGGE bands, also with the NK treatment having the lowest CFUs. The conventional identification of representative bacterial and fungal genera showed that long-term fertilization treatments resulted in differences in soil microbial composition and diversity. In particular, 42.4% of the identified bacterial isolates were classified into members of Arthrobacter. For fungi, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Mucor were the most prevalent three genera, which accounted for 46.6% of the total identified fungi. The long-term fertilization treatments resulted in different bacterial and fungal compositions ascertained by the culture-dependent and also the culture-independent approaches. Discussion  It was evident that more representative fungal genera appeared in organic treatments than other treatments, indicating that culturable fungi were more sensitive to organic than to chemical fertilizers. A very notable finding was that fungal CFUs appeared maximal in organic manure treatments. This was quite different from the bacterial CFUs in the manure, indicating that bacteria and fungi responded differently to the fertilization. Similar to bacteria, the minimum fungal CFUs were also observed in the NK treatment. This result provided evidence that phosphorus could be a key factor for microorganisms in the soil. Thus, despite the fact that culture-dependent techniques are not ideal for studies of the composition of natural microbial communities when used alone, they provide one of the more useful means of understanding the growth habit, development, and potential function of microorganisms from soil habitats. A combination of culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches is likely to reveal more complete information regarding the composition of soil microbial communities. Conclusions  Long-term fertilization had great effects on the soil bacterial and fungal communities. Organic fertilizer applications induced the least culturable bacterial CFUs but the highest bacterial diversity, while chemical fertilizer applications had less impact on soil bacterial community. The largest fungal CFUs were obtained, but much lower diversity was detected in the manure treatment. The lowest bacterial and also fungal CFUs were observed in the NK treatment. The long-term fertilization treatments resulted in different bacterial and fungal compositions ascertained by the culture-dependent and also the culture-independent approaches. Phosphorus fertilizer could be considered as a key factor to control the microbial CFUs and diversity in this Chinese upland red soil. Recommendations and perspectives  Soil fungi seem to be a more sensitive indicator of soil fertility than soil bacteria. Since the major limitation of molecular methods in soil microbial studies is the lack of discrimination between the living and dead, or active and dormant microorganisms, both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods should be used to appropriately characterize soil microbial diversity.     

特定pH条件下Ca2+/Cu2+引发胡敏酸胶体凝聚的比较研究

土壤腐殖质颗粒与金属离子间的相互作用深刻地影响着土壤中的微观过程和宏观现象的发生。而胡敏酸是土壤腐殖质的主要组成物质,本文利用光散射技术研究了不同浓度的Ca(NO3)2和Cu(NO3)2溶液中胡敏酸胶体颗粒的凝聚过程和形成凝聚体的结构,并在此基础上进行比较分析。结果表明:由于Ca2+和Cu2+在带电胶体表面的吸附方式不同而对胡敏酸胶体的凝聚的影响表现出很大差异。(1)散射光强的稳定与否可以反映体系的稳定性,Ca(NO3)2体系中散射光强可以在较宽的电解质浓度范围从0 mmol L-1至20 mmol L-1内保持稳定,而Cu(NO3)2体系中光强稳定的电解质浓度范围较窄,只有0 mmol L-1至3 mmol L-1。(2)随电解质浓度的提高,两种电解质体系中凝聚体的有效粒径随时间先呈线性增长再呈幂函数增长,但胡敏酸胶体凝聚过程对Cu(NO3)2体系浓度变化的敏感性远大于Ca(NO3)2体系,并且1 mmol L-1Cu2+吸附下胡敏酸胶体的凝聚速率为69.55 nm min-1,近乎是7.5 mmol L-1Ca2+吸附下凝聚速率23.94 nm min-1的3倍,可见Cu2+作用下颗粒的平均凝聚速率远远高于Ca2+作用的情况。(3)Ca(NO3)2体系中,电解质浓度越高形成凝聚体的结构越开放,但放置50 d后分形维数变小,结构变得更加疏松,说明该凝聚过程具有可逆性;而Cu2+作用下形成的凝聚体初期结构开放度较高,在放置50 d后分形维数变大,结构更加致密紧实,说明该凝聚过程具有不可逆性。这些信息为研究腐殖质超分子聚合物的形成机制提供了新思路。     

First report of Calonectria cerciana causing leaf blight of Eucalyptus in northern India

Eucalyptus spp. and their hybrids are frequently cloned and mass planted across farmland tracts and commercial plantations in northern India. It is a viable feeder species to the paper and pulp industries in this region. In 2018 and 2019, during field surveys conducted in northern India, a serious leaf blight disease was frequently observed in E. tereticornis plantations. Isolation from the blighted leaf samples consistently yielded fungal isolates having Calonectria‐like morphology. Morphological features coupled with sequence analysis of partial β‐tubulin (TUB2) and partial translation elongation factor‐alpha (TEF1) gene regions of two fungal isolates confirmed the species as Ca. cerciana. In detached leaf assays and glasshouse inoculation experiments, both isolates produced symptoms similar to those observed on the naturally infected leaves. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by re‐isolating Ca. cerciana from the inoculated leaves. This work is the first to confirm that Ca. cerciana is associated with a serious leaf blight disease of Eucalyptus in northern India and is an important addition to the taxonomy of Calonectria fungi in India.     

锈色粒肩天牛与寄主树种关系的初步研究

在连续 3a的定位观测和分析基础上 ,本文初步报道了锈色粒肩天牛与文献报道中的几种寄主树种之间的关系。结果如下 :(1)根据室内饲养下成虫对不同树种的取食及产卵情况和在不同树种上接种 (卵 )的幼虫情况 ,可将几种寄主树种分为 4类 :高感树种 (国槐 )、低感树种 (云实、黄檀 )、抗虫树种 (刺槐 )、免疫树种 (旱柳 ) ;(2 )酚酸类物质在旱柳中的含量 (3 0 3～ 9 73mg·(10 0g) - 1 ) ,显著高于其它树种中的含量 (1 71～5 39mg·(10 0g) - 1 ) ,可能是锈色粒肩天牛在旱柳上表现拒食、拒产卵、拒钻蛀的重要原因。氨基酸含量较高、组分相对最全 (17种 ) ,以及较高的C N值 ,是国槐基本营养物质的显著特征 ,这可能是锈色粒肩天牛嗜食国槐 ,对其造成严重危害的根本原因。锈色粒肩天牛很少取食危害刺槐 ,这与刺槐树种的各部分C N值过低 ,造成营养失调有关。黄檀木材纤维平均长度为 0 837mm ,平均宽度为 18 90 μm ,长宽比为 5 0 96 ,其韧性是参试树种中最大的 ,因而可能造成幼虫啃食困难 ,加上木材中的C N低 (0 36 ) ,因此 ,具有较强的抗虫性。云实树皮薄而光滑 ,造成成虫产卵困难 ,因此 ,在自然状态下 ,锈色粒肩天牛不易对其产生危害。     

葡萄抗真菌性病害的机理研究现状

真菌性病害是影响葡萄产量与品质的重要因素之—.文章从葡萄植物学特性和生物化学物质两方面综述了葡萄植株对真菌性病害的抗病机理与研究现状,阐述了葡萄表皮、绒毛、气孔结构、果皮结构等植物学特征与植物抗毒紊、单宁、相关防御酶等生物化学物质与抗真菌性病害的关系,为葡萄的抗性育种及优质高效栽培等提供理论依据.     

奇台窖藏马铃薯病害病原鉴定

【目的】研究引起新疆奇台窖藏马铃薯发生病害的病原种类,为新疆马铃薯窖藏病害的科学防治提供依据。【方法】2019年3月采集新疆奇台农场3个大窖病薯(大西洋品种)块茎。采用组织分离法、结合显微形态观察和柯赫氏法则、结合16S rDNA、ITS等鉴定方法,分离得到马铃薯窖藏病害的病原菌。【结果】从病薯中总计分离出12株菌株,其中致病菌有致病性尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、虱状赤霉(Gibberella pulicaris)、白地霉(Geotrichum candidum)。【结论】 致病性尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)和虱状赤霉(Gibberella pulicaris)的致病性较强;由白地霉(Geotrichum candidum)引起的马铃薯病害在国内为首次报道。     

侧孢短芽孢杆菌 BL-21产抗菌物质发酵条件的研究

[目的]侧孢短芽孢杆菌菌株 BL-21是一株生防菌,对烟草赤星、小麦赤霉以及稻瘟病菌等多种植物病原真菌具有抑制菌丝体生长的作用。将侧孢短芽孢杆菌的培养基进行优化,可提高抗菌物质的产量。[方法]通过单因子试验对菌株 BL-21产抗菌物质的条件及培养基成分进行了优化,并对指示菌进行筛选。[结果]通过试验得到最适指示菌为烟草赤星病菌,最优的培养条件为,培养基初始 pH值8.0、培养温度30℃、装液量90 ml/250 ml、转速180 r/min、发酵时间48 h,并明确了以葡萄糖作为碳源,以牛肉膏作为氮源最有利于抗菌物质的产生。加入5 g/L NaCl和0.2 g/L MnSO4可提高抗菌物质的产量。[结论]优化的培养基更有利于抗菌物质的产生,为今后的进一步研究奠定良好的基础。