长期咸水滴灌对棉田土壤细菌和真菌群落结构的影响

【目的】研究长期咸水灌溉对棉田土壤理化性质、细菌和真菌群落结构多样性的影响。【方法】设3个灌溉水盐度处理为0.35、4.61和8.04 dS/m,分别代表淡水、微咸水、咸水3种灌溉水质,采用高通量测序法测定土壤中细菌和真菌群落结构多样性。【结果】与淡水灌溉相比,微咸水和咸水灌溉显著提高了土壤盐分和土壤容重,但降低了土壤pH、有机质和全氮含量。微咸水和咸水灌溉显著增加细菌OTUs,而咸水灌溉显著降低真菌OTUs。咸水灌溉显著增加细菌Chao1和ACE指数,降低Shannon指数,降低真菌Chao1和ACE指数,增加Simpson指数。微咸水和咸水灌溉显著降低细菌RB41、H16、Haliangium、硝化螺旋菌属、溶杆菌属、苔藓杆菌属、酸杆菌属和真菌被孢霉属、粉褶菌属、Tetracladium的相对丰度,但显著增加细菌鞘脂单胞菌属、芽单胞菌属、Gaiella、Ilumatobacter、Solirubrobacter、Nocardioides和真菌弯孢菌属、球腔菌属的相对丰度。随着灌溉水盐度的增加,细菌群落潜在生物标志物的数量逐渐减少,为4个、2个和1个,真菌群落潜在生物标志物数量在微咸...     

有机肥的保水培肥效果及对冬小麦产量的影响

黄土高原连续3年的定位试验结果表明:旱地施用有机肥具有明显的培肥作用和蓄水保墒效果;平均每1hm²施有机肥112500kg,土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、磷、钾含量试验后比试验前分别提高了36.4%、21.7%、49.7%、16.2%和44.2%,0～60cm土壤含水量比对照增加5.5mm;每1mm降水多生产小麦1.83kg,水分利用效率提高22%;小麦增产15.8%.施肥量与产量之间呈显着正相关。     

不同类型土壤胡敏素组成的研究

胡敏素(HM)是腐殖物质的主要组成部分,在碳截获、土壤结构、养分保持、生物地球化学循环等方面都占有重要的作用.采用Pallo修改法对HM进行了分组,将其分为铁结合胡敏素(HMi)、粘粒结合胡敏素(HMc)和不溶性胡敏素(HMr).并将这三种物质定义为HM的组成,同时把HMi/HMc和(HMi HMc)/HM作为HM组成的表征指标.研究了不同类型土壤的HM组成.结果表明:不同类型土壤中HM各组分含量.HMi/HMc,(HMi HMc)/HM,△lgk均各不相同;(HMi HMc)/HM>20%;除黑钙土外,HMi/HMc>1,且HM组成中HMr含量最多,HMi其次,HMc最少;HMi相对数量为黑土最高,黑钙土最低,HMc相对数量为黑钙土最高,棕壤最低,HMr相对数量为水稻土最高,黑土最低.在不同类型土壤(水稻土除外)中可溶性HM组分的△lgk值为HMi>HMc,HMi的分子结构比HMc的简单,而且棕壤HMi,HMc的△lgk值均最高,结构最简单.     

Can placement of seed away from relic stubble limit Rhizoctonia root rot in direct-seeded wheat?

Rhizoctonia root rot of wheat can be a problem in no-till systems, especially during the transition from conventional tillage. There are no effective chemical controls or resistant varieties, leaving only cultural methods to manage this disease. In a no-till system, residue and inoculum of soilborne pathogens are not moved by cultivation, therefore the inoculum may be concentrated in the seeding row of the previous year. Using GPS tracking systems with sub-meter accuracy, the seeding row could be placed away from the row of the previous year. We tested the hypothesis that seeding away from the relic row may reduce Rhizoctonia root rot. In two field experiments, plants were sampled at three distances from the seed row, as well as from fumigated plots. Intact soil cores were also removed from the field, planted with seeds at various distances from the previous row, and grown in the greenhouse under controlled conditions. Pasteurized cores served as controls. Disease levels were higher in the field in the second year, but there was no consistent effect of seed row placement on disease or plant parameters. However, soil fumigation and pasteurization had significant effects, indicating that soilborne pathogens were active. Inoculum of Rhizoctonia is not produced in the crowns and lower stems of the plant, but the pathogen survives in living and dead roots of the previous year crop, volunteers, and grassy weeds. Thus, high inoculum densities may be present in between the relic rows, as well as within the rows. If this is the situation with Rhizoctonia, precision placement of seed rows would not be efficacious.     

青蛤人工育苗中附着基的选择

试验在黄砂、海泥和不投附着基三种状态下,观察了青蛤幼虫在变态时期的附着量和成活率的变化,以及附着后稚贝的生长与成活情况。结果表明:海泥是青蛤工厂化育苗最适宜的附着基,然后在此基础上进行了不同厚度海泥对不同大小稚贝生长的影响试验。试验结果显示:不同厚度的海泥对稚贝生长的影响不明显。我们认为在生产中应选用1mm厚度的海泥做为青蛤育苗的附着基是最适宜的。     

橘小实蝇引诱物质研究进展

综述了橘小实蝇引诱剂物质和引诱机制的研究进展,指出当前对引诱物质的研究主要集中在蛋白和化学物质以及植物源物质上,对引诱机理的研究也表现在对化学物质和营养物质的需求方面,植物源引诱物质将成为未来橘小实蝇研究的重点。     

基于高通量测序及分离培养初步研究美国大豆中真菌多样性

中国是全球最大的大豆进口国,进境大豆所携带的病原真菌传入我国的风险极高.基于高通量测序技术对6批美国大豆真菌多样性进行分析,同时采用分离培养获得单一菌株,依据菌落形态、显微结构及分子技术进行鉴定.高通量测序结果显示,大豆中所有真菌共计5门15纲35目63科112属155种,主要为链格孢属(Alternaria)、球腔菌...     

芒果采后主要真菌性病害及防治方法研究进展

芒果是热带、亚热带重要经济作物之一,因其独特的口感和丰富的营养价值深受消费者喜爱。由于芒果采收期正值高温多雨季节、果实采后生理代谢旺盛、采收难度大,采后运输、贮藏过程中易遭受真菌的侵染,成为限制芒果产业发展的重要因素。为防治芒果采后真菌性病害,国内外学者对芒果采后防治技术进行了研究与开发。对炭疽病、蒂腐病和曲霉病3种芒果采后主要真菌性病害的症状、危害、病原菌和发生条件进行了综述,总结了芒果采后真菌性病害的防治方法,并对芒果采后病害防治方法进行了展望,为芒果采后真菌性病害防治技术的发展提供理论基础。     

Antiplatelet and Antithrombotic Effects of Isaridin E Isolated from the Marine-Derived Fungus via Downregulating the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway

Isaridin E, a cyclodepsipeptide isolated from the marine-derived fungus Amphichorda felina (syn. Beauveria felina) SYSU-MS7908, has been demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory and insecticidal activities. Here, we first found that isaridin E concentration-dependently inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation, activation, and secretion in vitro, but did not affect collagen- or thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. Furthermore, isaridin E dose-dependently reduced thrombosis formation in an FeCl₃-induced mouse carotid model without increasing the bleeding time. Mechanistically, isaridin E significantly decreased the ADP-mediated phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt. In conclusion, these results suggest that isaridin E exerts potent antithrombotic effects in vivo without increasing the risk of bleeding, which may be due to its important role in inhibiting ADP-induced platelet activation, secretion and aggregation via the PI3K/Akt pathways.     

西伯利亚龟象取食对荞麦不同抗感品种生化物质的影响

为探讨抗虫和感虫荞麦品种对西伯利亚龟象Rhinoncus sibiricus取食的反应, 选择抗虫品种‘蒙0207’‘晋苦6’和感虫品种‘蒙0208’‘晋苦2’, 研究害虫不同程度(轻度、中度和重度)取食情况下, 荞麦叶片中营养物质(可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖)和次生代谢物质(单宁、总酚和类黄酮)含量, 防御酶［过氧化氢酶(CAT)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)］以及蛋白酶抑制剂［胰蛋白酶抑制剂(TI)、胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制剂(CI)］活性的变化, 以及西伯利亚龟象体内主要解毒酶活性的变化。结果表明, 西伯利亚龟象取食48 h后, 各处理组荞麦叶片中可溶性性蛋白、可溶性糖、单宁、总酚和类黄酮的含量以及PAL、CAT、TI、CI活性均有增加。在供试的4个荞麦品种中, 抗虫品种被取食后可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量上升幅度较感虫品种更大, 感虫品种被取食后单宁含量,PAL、TI、CI活性上升幅度较抗虫品种更大。在不同取食程度下, 抗虫品种中的TI和CI活性均显著高于感虫品种。西伯利亚龟象成虫取食抗虫荞麦品种后体内羧酸酯酶(CarE)和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)活性均显著高于取食感虫品种的个体。研究结果表明, 西伯利亚龟象取食能诱导荞麦抗虫性物质含量的变化, 但对荞麦抗性品种与感虫品种的影响不同。