Water relations and use-efficiency,plant survival and productivity of nine alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars in dryland Mediterranean conditions

The potential for alfalfa to be a valuable rainfed pasture option that can be used to increase livestock and crop production in central-south Chile is demonstrated for the first time. The persistence, productivity and water use efficiency of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) cultivars was evaluated at four sites in dryland Mediterranean environments of Chile between 2012 and 2015. Nine alfalfa cultivars were evaluated for plant persistence, winter growth, forage yield, shoot water potential (Ψ), stomatal conductance (gs), and carbon (δ¹³C) and oxygen (δ¹⁸O) compositions. The percentage of plant survival after four years varied between 69 and 97% of the established plants. Alfalfa forage yield was >9 t ha⁻¹yr⁻¹ at Yungay (Andes foothills) in year two, and at Cauquenes (interior dryland site) in years three and four. The highest forage yield was obtained in cultivars SARDI Ten and Aquarius and the lowest in WL326HQ. In 2015, the forage yield during late spring and early summer (November 2015–January 2016) ranged from 3170 to 3570 kg ha⁻¹ (average of the nine cultivars), which represented between 29% and 38% of the total production. The response of gs to Ψ was different among cultivars but all cultivars exhibited a strong decline when Ψ was <−1.0 MP. Shoot water potential evaluated in October–November was negatively correlated with δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O in shoot biomass. The apparent water use efficiency (kg DM/ha/mm of rainfall) across the nine cultivars was highest in Cauquenes in the three years evaluated (>16 kg mm⁻¹). It is concluded that alfalfa is a high yielding forage that can extend the growing season into early summer and autumn in dryland Mediterranean environments.     

生物炭与无机氮配施对稻田温室气体排放及氮肥利用率的影响

【目的】生物炭作为比表面积大、富含有多种营养元素的一种物质已被广泛应用于农业生产。弄清生物炭与化肥氮配合施用对稻田温室气体排放和氮肥利用率的综合影响,为合理使用生物炭提供科学依据。【方法】在武穴市花桥镇进行两年大田试验,设置4个处理,即不施氮肥（CK）、常规施氮（180 kg·hm ^-2）（IF）、常规施氮+10 t·hm ^-2生物炭（IF+C）、减氮30%+10 t·hm ^-2生物炭（RIF+C）。采用静态箱-气相色谱法对2018和2019年水稻生长季节稻田CH₄和N₂O排放通量进行监测,并测定水稻产量,探讨生物炭配施不同量无机氮对稻田CH₄和N₂O排放、水稻产量以及氮肥利用率的影响。【结果】（1）稻季CH₄和N₂O排放呈现明显的季节性变化规律。CH₄排放峰值主要出现在分蘖期和齐穗期,N₂O排放峰值主要出现在氮肥施用和排水后。2018和2019年稻季各处理CH₄排放通量分别为0.01—48.97 mg·m ^-2·h ^-1和0.36—18.08 mg·m ^-2·h ^-1,N₂O排放通量分别为-0.002—0.17 mg·m ^-2·h ^-1和0.01—0.28 mg·m ^-2·h ^-1。2018年各处理CH₄和N₂O的平均排放通量分别为6.17—7.16 mg·m ^-2·h ^-1和0.02—0.04 mg·m ^-2·h ^-1,2019年的分别为5.16—5.83 mg·m ^-2·h ^-1和0.05—0.08 mg·m ^-2·h ^-1。（2）与CK相比,无机氮肥的施用对CH₄排放没有影响,但显著提高了N₂O排放,增幅为32.6%—113.0%。与IF处理相比,生物炭与无机氮配施（IF+C、RIF+C）显著降低N₂O排放,在2018年降幅为33.4%—43.1%,2019年为37.0%—39.5%,但对CH₄排放的影响不显著,因此对全球增温潜势的影响不显著。生物炭与无机氮配施处理IF+C与RIF+C间CH₄和N₂O排放差异不显著。CH₄排放是综合增温潜势（GWP）的主要贡献者,对GWP的贡献达84.4%—95.2%。（3）氮肥施用显著提高水稻产量,增幅达4.0%—6.0%。与IF处理相比,生物炭处理（IF+C、RIF+C）显著增加水稻产量,增幅达9.9%—11.9%。生物炭与无机氮配施处理IF+C与RIF+C间水稻产量差异不显著。与IF处理相比,IF+C、RIF+C处理氮肥利用率显著增加了7.7%—8.1%,且RIF+C的氮肥偏生产力两年分别增加了57.1%、52.3%。【结论】减氮30%配施生物炭能有效地降低稻田N₂O排放、增加水稻产量、提高氮肥利用率,是一项可持续的农艺措施。但生物炭对稻田温室气体减排的效应还要进一步研究探讨。     

Investigating the relationship between various measuring methods for determination of establishment success of urban trees

Establishment is a key concept in urban forestry but it is currently inconsistently defined and measured. Thus, several different methods are being used to determine establishment success but their consequences and applications are rarely discussed. With this paper we would like to stimulate an increased discussion regarding these concepts both in relation to a theoretical definition but also to their practical use. The problem was approached through an experiment using sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) and northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) trees and the most common methods used for determination of establishment success. The trees were studied during the first three years after transplant and the association between the different measuring methods was examined. A Principal Component Analysis showed that terminal and lateral shoot length were strongly correlated, and that midday- and pre-dawn shoot water potential, and stomatal conductance were strongly correlated. We developed an index for nightly recovery of water status, which showed that terminal shoot growth was not related to nightly recovery until the third year after transplanting. Our results suggest that successful tree establishment is determined differently depending on which method is used for determination but that the differences might decrease with time. The lack of a firm definition of the term establishment may complicate communication, both within the scientific community and in practice.     

橙带蓝尺蛾在中国的风险性分析

橙带蓝尺蛾是罗汉松和竹柏的重要食叶害虫,目前在广东、广西、台湾均有危害。本文依据FAO规定的有害生物风险性分析方法,从该虫在中国和广东省的分布、潜在危害性、受害栽培寄主的经济重要性、传播扩散的可能性以及危险性管理难度5个方面进行了定性、定量分析。结果表明,橙带蓝尺蛾在中国的综合风险值R为1.36, 属低度危险的林业有害生物;在广东省的风险值R为1.58, 属中度危险的林业有害生物。     

兴仁高砷煤矿区沉积物污染特征及重金属潜在生态风险评价

为评价兴仁高砷煤矿区水体沉积物的污染水平及其生态风险 ,以贵州省表生沉积物背景值作为基准评价沉积物污染水平 ,采用 Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法评价了沉积物中重金属的环境生态风险.结果表明 :交乐、潘家庄和小尖山煤矿区水体沉积物均表现出低pH值 ,高SO2 -4 、As、Fe等特征.与贵州表生沉积物背景值相比 ,交乐煤矿区水体沉积物中Fe、As和Hg平均值分别超过背景值4082倍、358 .8倍和19 .3倍 ;潘家庄煤矿区水体沉积物中Fe、As和 Hg平均值分别超过背景值3478倍、8 .3倍和0 .55倍 ;小尖山煤矿区水体沉积物中Fe、As和Hg平均超过背景值2457倍、5 .6倍和0 .65倍.利用潜在生态风险指数法分析表明 :交乐、潘家庄和小尖山煤矿区水体沉积物主要受到As、Hg污染.交乐、潘家庄和小尖山煤矿区水体沉积物各重金属的潜在生态风险指数(Eir )从高到低依次为As > Hg >Cd> Cu> Pb>Cr>Zn ,As >Hg >Cd>Cu>Pb>Zn>Cr ,As = Hg >Cd>Cu>Pb>Cr>Zn.生态风险指数(RI)交乐>小尖山>潘家庄 ,交乐沉积物中重金属生态风险程度为很强风险 ,潘家庄和小尖山沉积物中重金属生态风险程度为中等风险.     

Ecophysiology of Acacia species in wet–dry tropical plantations

Selected tropical Acacia species are used extensively for short-rotation plantation forestry in many parts of Asia and, to a limited degree, in Australia. We explored leaf-level photosynthetic activity and leaf water potential (Ψleaf) of three field-grown Acacia tree species (aged between 7 and 18 months) in contrasting wet–dry tropical plantations in southern Vietnam and northern Australia. Light-saturated photosynthetic rate (A1500) declined throughout the morning and early afternoon in the dry season; in the wet season, levels remained high and relatively constant throughout most of the day. Maximum daily A1500 at 09:00 ranged from 22.2 μmol?m?2?s?1 in the wet to 10.4 μmol?m?2?s?1 in the dry season. At both locations, trees were able to extract soil water such that pre-dawn leaf water potential (Ψpd) remained>?1.5?MPa even at the end of the dry season. Stomatal conductance to water vapour (gs) did not respond to decreasing Ψleaf during the wet season but was sensitive to changes in Ψleaf in the dry season. Species comparisons of the relationships between A1500 and Ψleaf revealed different strategies to balance carbon uptake and water loss in a wet–dry environment. Acacia crassicarpa and A. mangium regulated Ψleaf to a greater extent than the A. mangium×A. auriculiformis hybrid such that ?Ψleaf (determined as Ψpd?midday Ψleaf) was unaffected by season. This result suggests that the hydraulic regulation of tree water status varies amongst young tropical Acacia species. From a management perspective, for Acacia species that tend to strongly regulate water loss in environments with an extended dry season, overall productivity at the end of a rotation may be less than for species that prioritise carbon gain.     

陕南某金矿尾矿库周边土壤重金属复合污染特征

通过实地采样和实验室分析,重点分析陕南某金矿尾矿库周边土壤中重金属元素含量,归纳重金属在土壤中的污染分布和衰减特征,分析出重金属元素之间的相关性,并采用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法划分出潜在生态风险程度。结果表明,尾矿库周边土壤污染最严重的元素是Cu,其次是Cd,所测6种土壤重金属空间分布具有一定的差异性。Ni、Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn 5种重金属含量随距尾矿距离增加而明显衰减,同时Cu、Pb、Cd等元素含量在西南风下风向有累积作用。Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn 4种元素含量之间均存在极显著正相关,它们之间存在相同自然污染源或者复合污染性质。潜在生态风险程度较高和极高的采样点分布在第一采样区和第二、第三采样区的下风向。     

植物组织水势测定实验教学改革的研究

结合实验教学经验,分析了“小液流法”测定植物组织水势的影响因素以及实验过程存在的不足,并提出改进办法,旨在改善教师教学效果,提升学生实验能力.     

提升大学生科研创新潜质的考试方法改革研究

通过对东北林业大学课程考试方法的改革实践,旨在全面考查学生的课程学习效果,提升大学生科研创新潜质。认为注重课程全过程考核,实行多次累加式考试是大学生课程考试方法改革的趋势。     

漆树籽残渣厌氧发酵产沼气潜力研究

[目的]研究漆树籽残渣发酵产沼气的可行性与潜力。[方法]以漆树籽残渣为原料,在中温30℃下,采用全混合批量发酵工艺,测定漆树籽残渣发酵过程中的TS产气潜力、VS产气潜力、日产气量、产气速率、pH等指标。[结果]第3天发酵体系酸化,但在微生物调节下,第7天体系pH恢复至7.0,正常产气。经60 d发酵,漆树籽残渣产沼气潜力为594.29 ml/g(TS)或615.84 ml/g(VS)。[结论]研究表明漆树籽残渣是一种很好的沼气发酵原料。