一份多年生高粱属新材料的农艺性状及其饲用潜力评价

为明确高粱属新材料‘SX-1’的基本性能,对其饲用潜力进行初步评价,本研究以‘晋牧1号’高丹草(Sorghum bicolor × S. sudanense cv. ‘Jinmu No. 1’)为对照进行连续2年品比试验,对其农艺性状、产量和营养成分等进行测定。新材料‘SX-1’表现为多年生且雄性不育,第1年抽雄期刈割时平均株高为311.33 cm,显著高于(P<0.05)‘晋牧1号’(263.00 cm),分蘖数为12.00~13.00个,第2年分蘖数极显著提高（可达40个以上）。建植第1年鲜草总产量为110822.43 kg/hm²,显著低于(P<0.05)‘晋牧1号’(125846.43 kg/hm²);但干草总产量(22300.71 kg/hm²)显著高于(P<0.05)‘晋牧1号’(19039.32 kg/hm²)。‘SX-1’建植第2年鲜、干草总产量为150373.33 kg/hm²和28866.77 kg/hm²,分别较‘晋牧1号’高10.53%和38.00%,同时较第1年增加了35.69%和29.44%。粗蛋白、中性洗涤纤维、粗脂肪含量年平均分别为9.98%、53.28%和2.20%,均与‘晋牧1号’(10.05%、53.93%、2.09%)差异不显著(P>0.05);酸性洗涤纤维年均为35.25%,显著低于(P<0.05)‘晋牧1号’(45.20%);粗灰分为8.59%,显著高于(P<0.05)‘晋牧1号’(7.57%)。相对饲用价值为107.27,高于‘晋牧1号’(92.61)。新材料‘SX-1’生物产量高、耐刈割、饲用品质优良,值得进一步开发利用。具有多年生高粱血缘的高粱属种间杂交种是选育饲草高粱的潜在方向。     

牛心朴子种子萌发特性及对干旱胁迫的响应

试验设置了不同温度、光照和PEG等梯度处理,以发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数等作为测定指标,筛选牛心朴子种子的最优发芽条件并确定种子对干旱胁迫的忍耐能力。结果表明:1)牛心朴子种子不存在休眠现象,最适的萌发恒温范围为20~30℃,且萌发的起始温度较低,为10℃。光照条件不是限制种子萌发的关键条件,但黑暗条件会影响种子的活力;2)低浓度(5%)的PEG对牛心朴子种子胚根的伸长有一定的促进作用,但对胚芽则表现为抑制作用;随着PEG浓度的增加,胚根/胚芽比值亦增大,而发芽率、相对发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、种子萌发胁迫指数以及种子萌发抗旱指数则呈明显的下降趋势;3)牛心朴子种子对干旱胁迫具有一定的忍耐能力,在15%浓度的PEG溶液胁迫下,种子可正常萌发;4)牛心朴子种子发芽较快,在置床后的第3天便有超过70%的种子萌发,故推荐该种子萌发的初次计数时间为置种后的第3天,末次计数时间为第8天。     

Uncertainty assessment of soya bean yield gaps using DSSAT‐CSM‐CROPGRO‐Soybean calibrated by cultivar maturity groups

Soya bean yield gap can be caused by different factors resulting in uncertainties when the objective is to use such information for farm decision‐making and reference yield determination. Thus, this study aimed to quantify the soya bean yield gap for four sites, located in Southern and Midwestern Brazil, as well as the uncertainties of that related to cultivars, sowing dates, soil types and reference yields. The crop simulation model DSSAT‐CSM‐CROPGRO‐Soybean was calibrated for cultivars with similar maturity groups, based on the data obtained from the best farmers at the county level. The yield gap by water deficit (YG_WD) was obtained through the difference between potential and attainable yields, and that one caused by sub‐optimum crop management (YG_CM) by subtracting actual yield of each county, obtained from official statistics between 1989/90 and 2014/15 growing seasons, from the estimated attainable yield. The yield was simulated using four sowing dates, three soil types and two soya bean maturity groups by county. The reference yield uncertainty was quantified using yield reference from crop model and regional winners of the soya bean yield context, conducted by CESB (Brazilian Soybean Strategic Committee), for the growing seasons from 2013/14 to 2015/16. The crop model showed a good agreement between measured and simulated crop development and growth using calibration by maturity group, with low root mean square error (347 kg/ha). Southern sites had a mean YG_WD of 1,047 kg/ha, while in the Midwest, it was lower than 100 kg/ha. The YG_CM was 1,067, 528, 984 and 848 kg/ha, respectively, for Castro, PR, Mamborê, PR, Montividiu, GO and Primavera do Leste, MT, representing the opportunity for yield gain when having the best farmers as reference. The maturity groups, sowing dates and soil types showed to be an important source of uncertainty for yield gap determination, being recommended to investigate the farms in detail for an appropriate quantification. The reference yield showed expressive uncertainties, with some farmers presenting conditions to increase their soya bean yields by more than 3,000 kg/ha, when considering as reference the yields obtained by the winners’ farmers. These results show that uncertainties must be reduced when assessing farm yield gaps, in order to ensure that expected rate of soya bean yield growth could be reached by adopting the same technologies from CESB winners and best farmers in the county as a reference.     

Analysis of Essence of Urban Public Space from Viewpoint of Energy Aggregation

This paper aims at analysis on essence of urban public space from viewpoint of energy aggregation and puts forward the conception of potential energy field through the study on universal significance of energy exchange, reflection of important characteristics of energy exchange in urban public space form, static state and development about typical urban pubic space-street and square. Corresponding methods of urban design and conception of planning under the contemporary era are studied.     

氮肥和种植密度对蚕豆结瘤和生长的影响

在胶泥土和沙壤土两种土壤条件下,研究了5种氮肥用量和3种种植密度对蚕豆结瘤和生长的影响。结果表明:蚕豆在不同土壤条件下结瘤能力差异较大,在氮肥施用量低于240kg/hm²的情况下,适当提高氮肥施用量有助于提高蚕豆的结瘤能力。蚕豆的行距从25cm增加到50cm,降低了种植在胶泥土上蚕豆的结瘤能力,却提高了种植在沙壤土上蚕豆的结瘤能力。同样,适量提高氮肥的施用量,蚕豆的生物量、有效荚数、子粒产量和株高均得到提高。增加蚕豆的行距,促进蚕豆的生物量、有效荚数、子粒产量,降低了蚕豆的株高。     

重庆市南岸区农村居民点整理潜力研究

为得出重庆市南岸区农村居民点整理潜力,对农村集体建设用地流转提供客观依据以及农村居民点用地管理提供理论支撑。采用人均农村居民点建设用地标准测算法对至2020年农村居民点整理潜力进行测算,然后采用闲置宅基地抽样调查法对其进行修正,获得农村居民点整理潜力。根据整理潜力和南岸区实际情况,对农村居民点合理布局进行了规划,并制作2020年重庆市南岸区农村居民点用地分布图。     

气候变化背景下陕西关中西部作物气候生产潜力变化特征

为了研究气候变化背景下关中西部作物气候生产潜力变化规律,选用宝鸡市11个气象站1961—2010年温度、降水等气象资料,应用Tuynthwhite Memoral模式计算分析宝鸡地区作物气候生产力状况及其变化趋势。结果表明：关中西部气候生产力呈递减趋势;年及各季平均气温均呈明显上升趋势,降水量呈下降趋势;气候暖干化使作物气候生产潜力以35.69 kg/(hm²·10 a)的速率波动下降,降水是主要限制因子;气候生产力利用率平均为34.8%,作物生产有较大的发展潜力;未来气候情景下,“暖湿型”气候对区域作物生产最有利,平均增产幅度8.5%~22.5%,而“冷干型”气候对作物生产最不利,平均减产幅度为5.7%~20.8%。     

黑龙江省农村商业养老保险发展潜力研究

为准确评价黑龙江省农村商业养老保险的发展潜力,研究选取全国包括黑龙江省在内的12个省（直辖市）,以及黑龙江省内13个地区为研究对象,根据《中国统计年鉴2014》及《黑龙江统计年鉴2014》的数据,通过因子分析构建指标体系,并结合聚类分析对农村商业养老保险的发展潜力进行聚类分层。结果表明,农村地区社会建设程度、经济文化发展情况以及居民生活水平是其主要影响因素。黑龙江省农村商业养老保险在大庆、哈尔滨、齐齐哈尔蕴藏着相对较大的发展潜力,但其他地区的发展潜力较差,仍然面临严峻的养老难题。     

大庆城区土壤重金属污染及潜在生态危害研究

本文以大庆主要城区土壤为研究对象,根据实地监测,采用单因子指数评价法及瑞典学者Hakanson提出的潜在生态风险评价法对大庆市的各功能区土壤污染进行了评价,评价结果表明：泡沼区为微污染,农牧业区为轻污染,工业区、生活区、采油区及自然保护区为中度污染;其污染的主要贡献者为镉(Cd),并且已对城市的生态环境产生了中等生态危害。     

Sensitivity of Two Quinoa (ChenopodiumquinoaWilld.) Varieties to Progressive Drought Stress

Quinoa (ChenopodiumquinoaWilld.) is a highly nutritious Andean seed crop which shows great potential to grow under a range of hostile environments. The objective of this study was to investigate the differences of drought tolerance of a Bolivian (Achachino) and a Danish (Titicaca) variety, and especially drought‐related adaption strategies. Soil water status was expressed as the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW). Relative stomatal conductance (RSC), relative transpiration (RT) and relative leaf water potential (RLW) were calculated by determining stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and leaf water potential of the drought‐treated plants relative to those of fully irrigated plants. The responses of RSC, RT and RLW to decreasing FTSW were described by a linear‐plateau model. The critical value of FTSW was the threshold of FTSW where the parameters studied decreased. The thresholds increased C_S for stomatal conductance, C_T for transpiration and C_Lfor leaf water potential. Achachino showed significantly lower C_T and C_L when compared with Titicaca, implying that transpiration and leaf water potential were less affected under mild drought conditions in the Bolivian variety. C_S in Achachino was significantly higher than C_L and C_T, which indicated that stomatal conductance declined before transpiration and leaf water potential were reduced. Such difference was found in Titicaca where reduction of leaf area had more effect on transpiration than stomatal closure. Slower growth rate and smaller leaf area in combination with a lower stomatal conductance was found to contribute to drought resistance in Achachino. ABA concentration in the xylem sap tended to increase in both varieties after 2 days onset of drought, prior to decline in leaf water potential. Titicaca showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher ABA concentration when compared with Achachino under both fully irrigated and drought conditions. Titicaca had higher xylem nutrient concentration in comparison with Achachino in both fully‐watered and drought plants at day 2 after onset of soil drying. It was concluded that Titicaca was more sensitive to progressive drought than Achachino which avoided water loss by means of lower growth rate and smaller leaf area.